Motion Down a Slope Essay Example

Motion Down a Slope Essay There are a number of things that affect the acceleration of the marble:- Angle/Gradient of slope. Changing the angle of the slope would affect the acceleration of the squash ball as it changes the energy the marble starts with as steeper angles raise the slope start higher so the marble would have more potential energy.- Mass of marble. Changing the mass of the marble would affect the acceleration because it means it has more energy pulling it downwards and so would accelerate faster.- Surface. Changing the surface may change the amount of friction between the slope and the marble. This would affect the amount of energy absorbed. If there was more friction then more energy is absorbed so the marble has less pushing it along and so accelerates slower.- Gravity. A change in the gravity would change the amount of energy pulling down the marble and so change the amount of energy pushing it along and so change the acceleration of the marble.- Aerodynamics. A change in the aerodynamics wo uld create a change in the air friction. This would change the amount of energy absorbed and so change the amount of energy left pushing it along changing the acceleration.I am going to investigate the angle of slope. The other variables must be kept the same. I will use the same marble so that the aerodynamics and mass of the marble stay the same. I will do the experiment in the same place every time and on the same slope so that the gravity and friction will remain relatively constant. This makes the investigation a fairer test.Measuring Acceleration:Acceleration cannot be measured directly. It has to be derived from other measurements. The measurements required are starting speed, distance and time.I will use the formula: S=UT+0.5AT2S = Distance (m) S=0T+0.5AT2U = Initial speed=0 every time S=0.5AT2T = Time (sec) 2S=AT2A = Acceleration 2S/T2=AA=2S/T2Method:Set up the equipment as shown above. Place the marble at the top of the slope. Start the stopwatch at the same time as you re lease the marble and then stop the watch when it reaches the end. Do this 3 times and take the average speed to try to remove anomalous results. Repeat with the slope at: 10o, 20 o, 30 o, 40 o, 50 o, 60 o, 70 o, 80 o, and 90 o.Use the formula: Sin (Angle needed) x Lengthto find the height the slope must be to make it the required angle. This will make the angles more accurate.Heights of top of slopes for required angles:10 o = Sin 10 x 150 = 26cm 20 o = Sin 20 x 150 = 51cm30 o = Sin 30 x 150 = 75cm 40 o = Sin 40 x 150 = 96cm50 o = Sin 50 x 150 = 115cm 60 o = Sin 60 x 150 = 130cm70 o = Sin 70 x 150 = 141cm 80 o = Sin 80 x 150 = 148cm90 o = Sin 90 x 150 = 150cmSafety Issues:There are no safety issues involved in this experiment.Prediction:I predict that the steeper the slope the faster the acceleration. This is because the steeper the angle the higher the marble starts and so the more potential energy it has. More potential energy means that when it is released it will have more kinet ic energy and so can accelerate quicker. Also the steeper the slope the less the marble is being pushed into the slope by gravity so there is less friction between the marble and slope.9.81 x Sin angle = Acceleration9.81 x Sin 90 = Acceleration9.81 x 1 = 9.81m/sI also predict, using the formula above, that the marble will not accelerate faster than 9.81m/s. This is the maximum acceleration of the marble. This is due to the fact that this is the acceleration is if the marble was dropped 150cm at 90? without any frictional or rotational effects. As we are working with friction the marble should always be slower. As the angles get nearer 90? the acceleration should begin to level off. This is because the later angles will not raise the height of the board and marble as much as the earlier angles so the marble will not be getting such a high increase in energy towards 90?. I predict that the formula 9.81 x Sin angle = Acceleration gives the exact acceleration of the marble.I predict my graph will look like this:This is because the marbles acceleration is increasing as the slope angle rises and then it levels off before reaching 9.81m/s.Results:Angle of SlopeHeight of Slope(cm)Time taken for marble to roll down slope (sec)(?)12345Average10261.481.501.491.511.491.4920511.141.121.111.101.161.1330751.091.141.121.110.971.0940960.620.690.680.660.630.66501150.610.670.680.690.630.66601300.600.600.660.610.610.61701410.510.540.550.560.560.54801480.560.570.580.560.580.57901500.550.560.560.570.590.57Acceleration:To work out the acceleration use the formula:A=2S/T2Angle of SlopeAverage TimeAcceleration(m/s)(?)(sec)101.491.35201.132.34301.092.52400.666.89500.666.89600.618.06700.5410.28800.579.23900.579.23Analysis:My prediction was correct with a few off measurements. The steeper the slope the faster the acceleration. So the angle of the slope is proportional to the acceleration, but it is not directly proportional. The graph had the same basic shape as my prediction, but again there were a few off points. The graph has a curved, best-fit line, which proves the angle, and the acceleration are proportional.I had three main anomalous results. These angles were; 30?, 40? and 70?. I rectified these by repeating the angles.These were my new results:Angle of SlopeAcceleration(m/s)Time taken for marble to roll down slope (sec)(?)12345Average303.001.011.030.961.060.931.00405.060.750.790.770.740.790.77708.920.590.610.560.560.560.58I can now compare my set of results to the theoretical set of results, which I found using the formula: 9.81 x Sin angle = AccelerationThe calculated data is:10 o = 9.81 x Sin 10 = 1.70m/s 20 o = 9.81 x Sin 20 = 3.55m/s30 o = 9.81 x Sin 30 = 4.91m/s 40 o = 9.81 x Sin 40 = 6.31m/s50 o = 9.81 x Sin 50 = 7.51m/s 60 o = 9.81 x Sin 60 = 8.50m/s70 o = 9.81 x Sin 70 = 9.22m/s 80 o = 9.81 x Sin 80 = 9.66m/s90 o = 9.81 x Sin 90 = 9.81m/sThe new graph is as I predicted and shows my data follows the same basic curve as the theoretical results. Howev er all of my data is slower accelerating than the theoretical set. This is because the theoretical set ignores friction. As the marble is not perfectly spherical it often left contact with the table. This could have prevented the marble rolling in a straight line. This means my results have also experienced rotational effects as they rolled whereas the theoretical results ignored this. The frictional and rotational effects would have absorbed energy from the marble causing it to be slowed down. This means the marble in my experiment could not have accelerated as quickly as the calculated results show.From this I can conclude that the steeper the slope the faster the acceleration. Also that the formula to find the theoretical data works and the theoretical data shows the acceleration of an object rolling down a slope with none of its energy lost.Evaluation:The data I collected was quite good and follows the same basic pattern as the theoretical data. My original results were not very accurate, especially drop height 30?, 40? and 70?. However, these were redone and now are greatly improved. 30? is still slightly anomalous. Despite this I feel my results are sufficiently reliable to support the conclusion that the theoretical data shows the acceleration down a slope where there is no energy lost from the object.I feel the reason for the inaccuracy could be because the marble was not perfectly round meaning it did not roll in a completely straight line and that it changed the friction. It could also be that the slope was not set at exactly the right height or angle. Another more major reason could be that the time was not measured correctly or accurately. Measuring the time by hand and eye caused many problems. This meant the results could never be very accurate. The clock could not be started exactly as the ball was released. Also the eye could not see exactly when the marble reached the end and the clock could not be stopped quick enough.To improve the experimen t and the quality of the data you could get a computer to measure the time taken. There could be a clamp, meaning the ball is released exactly as the time is started. Also using lasers could mean the timer was stopped exactly as the marble reaches the end. This would make it a lot more accurate. The computer could also set the angle of the slope perfectly. Also you could increase the number of times taken at each angle to get a better average and cut down anomalous results even more.My results suggest that the theoretical data was correct, as mine where only slower due to friction, and they support the conclusion. Further investigation could be done to help support this. For example, using a perfectly round ball such as a metal ball bearing, and a smooth metal slope. This would remove some of the friction and get closer results to the theoretical set. Also for further work the marble could be rolled down different texture slopes to investigate the effects of varying amounts of frict ion. This would provide additional information, which would help identify exactly how much friction does affect the results, compared to the theoretical set.To extend the investigation you could do the same experiment but keep the slope at the same angle and change the mass of the ball. This would investigate how the mass effects the acceleration.

Chromosomes and Heredity essays

Chromosomes and Heredity essays The theory of the genetic basis of heredity was quite unheard of until the time of Gregor Mendel who proved with his experiments on pea plants that organisms inherited their traits from their parents. It was Mendel who first proposed that genes were the basic units of all living organisms. Children receive half their chromosomes from their father and half from their mother and hence they share the character traits of their parents. Each human being has two complete sets of 23 chromosomes, which are responsible for controlling all the bodily functions. Each parent in effect contributes one complete set of the 23 chromosomes to the child. Genetic information is stored inside the chromosomes in the forms of DNA strands and there are around 40,000 genes, which are responsible for instructing the ribosomes to synthesis specific proteins. (for specific functions). A particular gene is responsible for a particular character trait and parents pass on genes to their children, which is the fundamental principle behind inheritance. Furthermore every gene may have two or more different forms known as alleles. The genetic makeup of a person called the genotype is actually the combination of these inherited alleles. A person may either have homozygous alleles or heterozygous alleles. Alleles for a particular trait may either be dominant or recessive. The phenotype (physical appearance) of the person is determined by the expression of the dominant alleles. There are some cases where neither of the alleles are totally dominant in which case the phenotype is a combination of the phenotypes of both the alleles. So we see that the phenotype or the ultimate physical trait of a person is directly dependent upon the genetic information received from the parents. ...

Analysis of Badinerie by J.S Bach

The piece Badinage is in a light mood and structured in the Binary Form. It is cast in swift 2/4 meter beginning on the upbeat or musicians. This piece was originally written for a Chamber Orchestra and a solo flute. The piece starts In B minor and played In allegro tempo throughout. Badinage start with a mess forte dynamic marking meaning moderately loud with motive A in the pickup bar at the beginning and motive B starts on the second beat in bar two to bar 3. The Antecedent ranges from the beginning of the USIA to the first beat of bar four, which ends on a Perfect Authentic Cadence. The Consequent started on the second beat of bar for four to the first beat of bar ten, which ended on an Imperfect Cadence a one to a five suspended two chord In second inversion. They are long phrases throughout the duration of the piece. In the first five bars the bass line plays a Bass Continuo style in Baroque music, however in modern day it is called a Walking Bass style. In bars six to ten the melody line plays a similar rhythm that the bass was playing in the first five bars and the ass line plays a similar rhythm to what the melody line was playing.The second beat of bar 10 the dynamic marking changes to forte meaning loud which is the beginning of the phrase extension and sequential progression to bar 16. There Is a great build up in this phrase with a mess forte crescendo leading up to forte and the use of sixteen notes in the bass notes the section intense and bright. Bar sixteen the end of the first section is repeated and ends on an Imperfect five of five going to five cadence called atomization. The second section of the piece is a development of A, which Is the same melody played a fifth up.The Antecedent started from the pickup beat to the first beat of bar three on a five of three going to a three cadence. The piece then modulated to D major in the next bar then f# minor in bar 30 then back to b minor in bar thirty two. There is a phrase extension starting on the second beat of bar twenty to the first beat of bar twenty eight. The same idea comes back again of the melody line taking the rhythm of the bass line and the bass line taken the rhythm of the melody line in bars went eight to thirty two.There are pedal points in bars 33 to 35, interesting to note that there is use of octaves. In bars thirty six the first beat has a loud dynamic marking and the second beat has a soft dynamic marking which is quite interesting. There is a crescendo in the next bar leading up to forte towards the second to last bar. This section is then repeated and the section time around there is a rite. 2 Volta Inch means turn around then retard the second time. The piece ends on a Perfect Authentic Cadence.

Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Criminal Justice - Essay Example Honestly, some of what I’ve seen have met my expectations while some have just not. What I’ve seen in the death row cell like it only accommodates one prison is expected for it is just like what I have viewed in movies. On the one hand, the sight of a secure cell and cell housing unit are also expected. However, when I have seen the open dorm housing unit, it is really something I have not imagined. Well, it is just that I have not visualized that prisoners can be housed as if they are just in a dormitory given that they are prisoned. In this kind of setting, the inmates are privileged to interact normally and closely to an open environment. Being an inmate housed in an open dormitory is really a benefit for being capable to interact to more people and also because they are situated in an open bay. And when you go outside the prison, its compound is really huge enough to see all its other buildings. On the overall, I can say that the Florida prison has an environment be tter than the other prisons and even far better than the slums in the third world countries. Through the virtual tour, I can say that the Florida prison is neat and orderly where prisoners can be treated fine enough as human beings. One among the prisons in Florida is the Main Detention Center. As Palm Beach County Sheriff Office states in its website, it happens to be the biggest building as it comprises a huge land area of 835,000 square feet and it is the most secured among the correctional facilities situated in a headquarter complex in West Palm Beach. This detention center is really huge enough to contain a total of 2,156 bed capacities including the beddings intended for services of infirmary and special management. In terms of population, Main Detention Center is housed with both males and females whose age can be adults or young adults. Majority of its prisoners are adult males who are not yet sentenced and are just about to go a court trial whereas the minority of the inma tes are adult females who are just their first time to be jailed and those who are in need of such particular medical or mental condition assistance. It is important to note that main detention center also accommodates the young female adult as well as the young adult males. Through the website of Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office, it can be sensed that they have active participation on presenting services to their community through the Community Services Division. This division is further separated into four categories such as the Community Operations Bureau, Countywide Operations, Domestic Violence Unit and the Police Athletic League. Each group is specializing in a particular field in order to serve and protect the community. They all work together for the advantage of the community. In order to cut off the possibility of crime, the division of Community Operations Bureau of Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office has ensured a number of law enforcement officers to be d elegated in each unit. Their preventive measures are dedicated to guarantee the value life among the citizens and as well as the advancement of its businesses. One among its services called Broken Star Fund is given to its dedicated workers together with their respective

Paper for class MIS 2100 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper for class MIS 2100 - Essay Example Having qualified personnel who can utilize information systems is critical to the success and growth of an organization. As a student, I have realized how important it is for me to learn about these systems in order to guarantee success in the future business career. Secondly, prior to taking this class, I simply viewed business systems as tools used in businesses for daily operations. However, after taking this class, I have learnt that information systems are a major source of competitive advantage, especially in the current business environment. I have learnt that information systems help businesses reduce the cost of doing business, and this ensures that products and services are offered at a lower cost. Through information systems, businesses can be innovative and come up with new products and services that satisfy the needs of the market better and efficiently. Overall, by taking this class, I have learnt not only how to use information systems to carry out daily business activ ities but also use them to set the business ahead of the rest in the market. Finally, the MIS 2100 class has enabled me understand the ethical and social issues raised by information systems. By using technology to carry out business activities, organizations expose themselves to a great risk which may affect their operations and their relationship with the society. For instance, information systems pose major challenges on people’s privacy since personal information is exchanged through different computer systems before arriving at the final destination. Through this process, private information may be leaked to unauthorized parties, and this may lead to serious ethical problems. Through this class, I have learnt how to use such systems responsibly in order to avoid some of these ethical and social challenges. By taking this class, I have leant that although technology is beneficial to the business, it can cause serious problems if not well used. This might comprise the

Sex education Essay Example for Free

Sex education Essay 1. Sex education can help to prevent many atrocities. Abandoned babies. Abortion. Malnutrition and starvation. 2. Teenagers will become more careful of their own body. Anatomy lessons (included in sex education) will make teenagers aware of potential hazards. STDs. Prevent a possible infertility. 3. Some parents think sex education should be taught at home, in family. Teachers take a special course on how to teach their students properly. Some teenager might be scared to talk to their parents about sex. Conclusion: â€Å"The opposition we find is mostly based in misconceptions, and instead of force them to accept sex education, we should focus on refute their misbeliefs by showing them the correct information. † For many years, sex education has been one of the most controversial issues in education, but since the law was passed, the opposition has drastically decreased along the country. Even so, from time to time I hear astonishing anecdotes of parents who send their children to a private school to avoid sex education. Personally, I think that it’s perilous to let them resolve things on their own, because in the future, their children will suffer the consequences of lacking of these vital lessons. I strongly believe that -because of the astounding benefits I’ll expose below- sex education should be taught in every school. The first, and probably the most important advantage of sex education, is that it can prevent many atrocities. This can sound pretentious to someone, but allow me to explain why it is not an exaggeration. In the last years, the number of girls who die in clandestine abortion centers in growing alarmingly. Ignorance and despair are a deadly combination that can lead to tragedy. Many (if not all) of these deaths can be prevented by sex education, since all the healthy ways to avoid an unwanted pregnancy are taught in class (and even some schools give condoms for free in case the student doesn’t have money). But that’s not the only example! What if it’s too late to prevent the unwanted pregnancy? When a baby is abandoned, it’s the most obvious assumption to think that it was because the mother wasn’t able to raise it, or because she simply didn’t know what to do. Well, sex education also teaches what to do and who can help in case of it. Sadly, some babies die before they are found, and this can be avoided by a mother who knows that there are specialized institutions where she can leave her baby safe. In other words, sex education forestalls death. Secondly, sex education not only forestalls death, but it also protects life. It has anatomy lessons, which leads me to the next point: Teenagers will become more careful o f their own body. You will think one thing has nothing to do with other, but as it was stated before, education gives the opportunity of decision. For example, a teenager who is fully conscious of his own body will be more careful with it than someone who is not aware of the potential hazards of sexually transmitted diseases. But that’s not all, sex education also prevents a future infertility, since the anatomy lessons remark that the unhealthy habits (like smoking, or drinking alcohol) have dreadful consequences for the body. Finally, I’ll try to vanish one of the biggest fears of some of these parents: what teachers would say to their children. Most of these adults think it should be taught at home, in family, but I’ll insist that it’s better for a student to learn at school. Why? Well, when the law was passed, teachers had to take special courses on how to teach their students properly. Some parents are sure they know everything, but they are wrong. On the other hand, their children might be fearful of asking for advice to someone of their own family, and might prefer to expose their doubts and feelings with a teacher. Taking to consideration all of the points exposed above, I trust the little opposition we find in parents can cease, since as I said before, is mostly based in misconceptions. So instead of force them to accept it, we should focus on refute their misbeliefs by showing them how sex education is taught by an  specialist that took a course on how to help to prevent atrocities, and make teenagers aware and careful of the their own body.

Economic Condition :: Economics

Economic Condition Economy from anywhere it could be from the United States or even from the UK it self. Can have a huge impact on the firm. The main economical influences on a firm are:- 1) Inflation 2) Exchange rates 3) Unemployment 4) Interest rates 1) inflation In some things the price of them could go up. It's because prices in things when time past generally goes up. For example a time piece costing  £1000 today mite go up to  £1050 in about a years time, But that is if they area no scratches and it's in a perfect condition. 2)Exchange Rates Exchange Rates is the rate of exchange between currencies in different countries for example.  £1 is worth about $10 in Hong Kong. 3)Unemployment Unemployment is a amount of people who are unemployed but are willing to work and that are actually looking for work or that they can work but they can't find any. But it could be lots more reasons too. 4)Interest rate Interest rate is the way that bank makes money. What they do is when people needs money to buy a house or a car they will need money so they get loan from a bank. The bank will lend them money but they want a repayment in a certain amount of time and they also want another amount of money which is called interest. So for example if a person borrows  £1000 to buy a car they mite have to pay back  £1100 back to the bank. So that is 10% on the interest rate. But people can also befit from interest rates too. Because if some one or company puts their saving in a bank they will get interest from it. If they keep the money in a certain amount of time. Could be something like half a year to a year. And the more you pay in the more you will get back from the bank. Inflation Inflation can have affects on businesses too and below I have listed some of the different types of inflation. 1) Cost of raw material 2) Sales will go down 3) Further consequences:- * Reduce costs, * Lower wages, * Dismiss some staff, * Eventually bankrupt Interest rates (increase) Interest rates can have a affect on a company too. That shows anything can small can have a big effect on a business. That why it is hard to have your own business. Below I have listed different types of interest rates:- * Firms cost of borrowing will increase also that means less likely to invest in new equipment. * Consumers will spend less. A) because they are encouraged to save more so you get better interest rate.

Critique for the Potentials, Network, Motivations, and Barriers: Steps Towards Participation in Social Movements

Critique for the Potentials, Network, Motivations, and Barriers: Steps towards participation in social movements. The four factors to form social movement are mobilization potentials, forming and activating recruiting networks, raising the motivation to participate and overcome the barriers of participation. Becoming a participant also required four different steps: becoming part of the mobilization potential, becoming target of the mobilization attempts, becoming motivated to participated and overcome the barriers to participate.To define the mobilization potential, the term referred to the people who take a positive attitude to the social movement. Attitudes consist of means and goals toward the movement. With the respect toward means, the term is related to the willingness to become engaged in conventional forms of political behavior, the protest potential in abbreviation. With the respect toward the goals, the concept is related to manifest political potential which means a group of people with a common identity and sharing the common goals. People who are not involved in the mobilization potential won’t consider participating in the movement activities.To explain the recruitment network and the mobilization attempts. Despite the mobilizing consensus and the mobilization potential, if these factors can’t be linked to the recruitment network, the mobilization won’t be realized. The networks identifies whether the people became the target of mobilization attempts. People can be target by the mobilization attempts by media, mail, relationships with organizations and friends. Different routes get a different influence on people. The significance of friendships reaching potential participants has been emphasized in many researches.The third factor is the motivation to participate. The motivation is defined as the function of the perceived costs and the benefits of participation. Two different kinds of incentives are identified as the collect ive incentives and the selective incentives. With the respect to the collective incentives, a multiplicative relationship is assumed between the value of the collective goods and the expectancy of the success. With the respect of the collective incentives, the soft or social incentives are important in determining the willingness to participate while the effect of the hard or nonsocial incentives is ambiguous.Such incentives appeared different effects in different environment. Since the movements must communicate to the potential participants to which extent the incentives are controlled by the movement, the mobilization of consensus is also a key part of this stage. The fourth factor is the barriers to participation. Motivation and barriers interact to active participation. The more people are motivated, the higher barrier they can overcome. Maintaining or increasing motivation or removing barriers are the two strategies for the movement.The paper gave the data on all the four step s of the mobilization campaign for the peace demonstration in The Hague in 1983 which is the largest demonstration the Netherlands had ever experienced. The authors conducted surveys before and after the demonstration in sake to analyze the participation behavior. In the survey, the mobilization potential, mobilization target, motivations, participation, attitudes, incentives, participation barriers, leftism of party vote and demographics of the participant have been measured. In each of the process toward the final demonstration considerable amount of people drop out.Not being the target of the mobilization attempts, unable to overcome the barriers, could not arouse the motivation to participate lead to the drop out situation. The author analyzes those factors carefully in the paper to explain the result. The first step is the mobilization potential. Authors compared the age, gender, education, vote behavior, and attitudinal factors to analyze the people whether belong to the mobil ization or not. With the respect to the demographics, olds and people who votes for the right party tend not belong to the mobilization potential.People from the mobilization potential were more concern about and fight against about the missile deployment and sign a petition to against the deployment. The two groups show no difference on the possibility to control the arms race no matter in which way this would be achieved. The political preference is also a factor influence the motivation potential. People who stay outside the mobilization potential of movement against the missile were mostly from the right wing. The entire left wing of the Dutch society was the part of the motivation potential.The author also found that the people who did not belong to the motivation potential got higher education level which is contradict to previous study. In conclusion, the mobilization potential of the movement covered a wide range of social categories rather than restricted to categories thou ght to be typical of the mobilization potentials of new social movements like new middle class, well-educated professionals and youth. The second step is to become the target of the mobilization attempts. Whether a person has formal or informal links with local peace movement is used to test whether person have been the target of mobilization attempt.Most of the mobilization potentials were reached by mobilization attempts by formal networks like visit peace stand, reading newspapers or reached by organizations. Individual with several or even many acquaintances who tend to go to the demonstration are defined as have an informal recruitment network to the movement. Only 30% of the respondent got several informal links. The ratio of the mobilization potential has no link, formal link or informal link with the peace movement networks are quite the same at around 20%. 40% of the people got both kinds of link to the movement.This indicates that people who belonged to the mobilization po tential had been as frequently targets of mobilization attempts as people outside the mobilization potential. People outside the potential have more formal links than the people within the potential. But with fewer informal links doesn’t prevent the government organization to approach these people. Gender factors have no independent effect on the links to government networks. Highly educated people appeared to create new mobilization potentials because they connected to the social network engaged in recruitment more.Informal networks are far more important than the formal ones in arousal of the motivation to participate. The third step is the motivation to participate. The motivation depends on the specific blend of costs and benefits perceived. With the respect of the collective incentives, in this demonstration, none of the respondent was optimistic about the outcome. In this protection, the potential participants estimated the number of participants more than the nonpartic ipant did, this is contradict to the finding that people tend to participate more if they expect others will do so as well.But in certain conditions, people tend to participate less when they believe other people will. With the respect of the selective cost and benefit, knowing more people will increase the tendency one goes to the demonstration. The nonsocial cost of the demonstration is low. In the regression analysis, the result shows that the collective incentives were more important than the selective incentives in determining the motivation to participate. Due to the small sample size, the stage of overcome the barriers to participate cannot be explain.Previous papers have explained the nonparticipation in many points of views. Free rider problem has been used to explain the nonparticipation phenomena. In some past research, free rider theory has been used to explain the non-participation. In this research, the author explains the non-participation by the four steps towards th e participation. This paper also reveals that the attitudes toward to goal were important determinant of willingness to participate.The network and ideological incentives are another important factor affect peoples’ participation decision. In this paper, the author gives four stages to explain why people would like to participate in social movement or not. The issue the author does not mention a lot is the institutional factors. How the institution can courage people to participate the movement and how they can control the movement can be studied. The problem in the paper is the sample size may be a little too small. This may cause some statistical problem during the research.

Compare The Character And Behaviour Essay

This essay is an in depth analysis of how Will Mossop changes throughout the course of the play. We first meet Will in Act 1 on page 9. Mrs Hepworth has recently bought an exceptionally well-made pair of boots from the shop and wishes to meet the man who made them, Will Mossop. However, she doesn’t tell the reason behind her visit and he believes that it is to scold Mossop about a badly made pair of boots. Upon coming ‘up trap’, Mrs Hepworth produces a visiting card. Hobson still believes that this is to be a dressing down for Mossop and tries to get ahead of the game by saying, ‘I assure you it shall not happen again.’ Realising that Hobson is trying to look good and enhance his reputation, Mrs Hepworth puts him in his place by asking him what will not happen again. Unable to answer, he mumbles something and is embarrassed. With that Mrs Hepworth says, â€Å"I’ve tried every shop in Manchester and these boots are the best-made pair of boots I’ve ever had. Now you’ll make my boots in future.’ Throughout this passage Will Mossop doesn’t say a dozen words and is very timid. Our first view of the man is that he is a quiet, shy man and to a certain extent, finds it embarrassing to accept praise. I also get the feeling that because he is a typical working-class man he feels inferior to the Hobson family and especially Henry Hobson because he has made his own fortune. We get our second look at Will Mossops character on page 15 of the book. Maggie has decided that she wants to leave home, marry Will and set-up shop with him. She has come to this idea after her father says she is now too old to marry and must stay with him to run the shop. Determined to prove her father wrong, she calls Will Mossop ‘up trap’. To begin with, she subtly drops the hints that she wants him, but due to his lack of experience with the opposite sex, he doesn’t catch on and she has to tell him exactly what she means and wants. Willy feebly tries to push her away but it doesn’t work and she convinces him that it is for the best. Will half-heartedly agrees even though they haven’t been seeing each other at all. This leads me to believe that Will was bullied as a child and is used to being told what to do no matter whether it was good or bad for his own prospects or what he wanted. Only a few short pages later and Willies final character begins to emerge. He gets tired of being told what to do by Mr Hobson and being bullied by him. It all comes about when Maggie is telling her father of her engagement to Will and Mr Hobson hits Will with a leather belt. To this he remarks, ‘And I’ve nobbut one answer back. Maggie, I’ve none kissed you yet. I shirked before. But by gum, I’ll kiss you now – and take you and hold you. And if Mr Hobson raises up that strap again, I’ll do more. I’ll walk straight out of shop with thee and us two’ull set up for ourselves.’ With this outburst, Mr Hobson is taken aback. With it coming from his faithful worker he doesn’t know what to say next. Maggie is also taken aback but reacts differently to it saying, ‘Willie, I knew you had it in you lad’, and puts her arm round his neck as if he is a trophy. Later in the play, Mossop would stand by every word he ever said, but on this first rebellious occasion, he is not totally convinced that what he has done was the right thing and his hands fall limply to his sides. A month after this occasion, Vickey and Alice are the only ones left in the shop after Will and Maggie’s departure and with Hobson spending most of his time in the Moonrakers. Since Will left, all the high-class trade has gone with him and the takings are very poor. The pair of them are arguing about this and blame all the problems on Maggie and Will. Coincidentally Maggie and Will walk through the door at this very moment accompanied by Freddy Beenstock. Alice and Vickey seem taken aback at her appearance in the shop. Maggie now knows that Vickey and Freddy are going to be married and she believes that without her help, they never will. Maggie offers her services to them saying, â€Å"You’ll get no further with it by yourselves from what I hear of fathers carryings-on.† Vickey clearly annoyed by this replies, â€Å"That’s your fault. Yours and his†, as she points at Will. She is clearly very annoyed by the sudden engagement of the pair and in a way she is being extremely selfish. When Maggie was still working in the shop, she would handle the accounts and orders, leaving Vickey and Alice to sell the shoes to people of the streets. Suddenly, the two sisters have an increased workload and resent the fact that the only reason they have to do some proper work is because Will and Maggie have left. They resent Will as they see him as the root of their own problems.

Philosophy Paper Parental Licensing Essays

Philosophy Paper Parental Licensing Essays Philosophy Paper Parental Licensing Essay Philosophy Paper Parental Licensing Essay May 6, 2013 Essay 3 Parental Licensing Congress is considering passing a law that would mandate parental licensing and two experts are testifying, philosophers, Lafayette and Frisks. I think Congress should listen to Leaflets defense testimony and enact parental licensing immediately. Lafayette argues parents should be required to obtain a license before they can raise a child. Though he says there are many hurdles in this claim but they can be addressed overtime. Part of Loftinesss core argument is that the state regulates lots of activities that are harmful to others, so why does the state not regulate parental sensing? For example, the state mandates people sixteen and over to have a drivers license if they want to drive an automobile in order to better protect society. Lafayette says, safe performance of the activity requires a certain competence(Licensing Parents, 390). A drivers license test regulates and requires a level of competence and if you pass you can legally drive a car. Similarly, Lafayette offers the same principle for a parenting test. Likewise, surgeons have medical tests and schooling to become a legal surgeon in order to keep patients safe. Lafayette also stands for this argument and feels it relates to licensing adults to prove their competence to be a good parent. The main goal is to protect children in his eyes, he states, each year more than half a million children are physically abused or neglected by their parents(391). If there is a parenting test in order to protect even a few children we should mandate it in order to lower that horrific statistic. Many people lack the knowledge they need to raise children or they lack the stability, energy or patience that is necessary in the child rearing process (392). Since we already remove children from abusive parents and homes to further prevent harm, he claims, why dont we require adults to prove that they are competent parents before they have children. Lafayette believes it is better to catch some bad parents than none like we catch some bad drivers than none with a licensing test. It is important for people to prove their competence before they engage in activities and a license or test fulfills that claim according to Lafayette. The only way to deny this conclusion is to deny the need for licensing any potentially harmful activity'(392), whether the regulation of drivers, doctors, or surgeons and without those regulations it breaks down a stable society. Addressing the issue of what happens when you fail the test is similar to the process of failing a drivers test though this issue can be addressed later on. If you are denied a drivers test you are given the opportunity to repeat the test to obtain your drivers license and thus if you fail the test you could to go counseling or therapy to improve your chances on passing the next test. The second part of Loftinesss core argument is his analogy with adoption; he claims that f we screen parents who want to adopt children we should screen biological parents as well. He states, the adoptive process is far more rigorous than the general licensing procedures I envision(398). In order to adopt a child you are tested many recognizes these demanding pre adoption procedures exclude some people who could be bad parents, which is a positive thing. Adoptive children are five times less likely to be abused than children reared by their biological parents(399). We screen adoptive parents because its better to deny some people the opportunity to adopt than freely allow anyone to adopt a child. Lafayette sees many parallels between his licensing program and the adoption program mainly, both programs have the same aim- protecting children(399). If we continue to regulate the adoption of children we should be compelled to establish a licensing program for any biological parent as well. Though, if you get pregnant without a license Lafayette wouldnt want to make abortions mandatory at all. He is against forced abortion, however, he would say the child would have to be taken from you until you pass the test in order to protect the child. You could be penalized for raising a child without a license that may be noninsured a crime, as if you drove a car without a drivers license. This program according to Lafayette does not demand that we license only the best parent; rather it is designed to exclude only the very bad ones (396). It is hard to test for good parents but easy to test for harmful ones, because they are defined as those who could abuse or neglect their children. Therefore there is enough criteria to make a licensing program for parents to successfully work in society. Though procedures for licensing drivers or surgeons are not a 100 percent accurate we embrace them anyway, so we should embrace the parental licensing program even though it is not 100 percent accurate as well. On the opposition side of the argument is philosopher Frisks who is against parental licensing. Frisks claims societies undertake licensing because there is reason to believe licensing will exert some control over specific risks. The risks fall into these categories according to Frisks, risks arising out of ignorance, risks arising through physical or mental incapacity, risks arising from willful misconduct, and risks arising through negligence or inability to exert self control over behavior(On Licentious Licensing, 348). Risk of ignorance and physical or mental disability are not factors for bad parenting, while risk of willful misconduct or lack of self control are factors for bad parenting according to Frisks. First, the ignorance risk says that you dont harm your kids and be a bad parent from ignorance, parents know that abusing your child is bad. A horrible doctor could harm patients with improper medicine but not because of ignorance, they know administering that particular medicine is bad. If you test based on ignorance in a parental licensing test there is no empirical reason to believe that making knowledge of parenting a prime retention for licensing would reduce the incidence of child abuse(348). Secondly, the physical or mental disability risk is not a factor in regards to parenting because if you cant walk that doesnt mean you cant be a caring and loving parent. For example, a deaf parent could care for an infant only if flashing lights were provided to alert the parent of the babys crying (349). In the case of the surgeon, if they cant see and lack adequate vision while performing surgery then the disability would be a factor for them in being a bad surgeon. We can test for this risk, however, it would not be a actor to prevent bad parenting. Thirdly, willful misconduct risk is a huge factor for bad parenting because it includes purposive violence to a child by the wrongdoer. Parents who like to be abusive exist; however, screening for them couldnt work on a violate those standards(349). Lastly, the self-control risk is a factor in bad parenting because if a parent gets frustrated really easily or if they are constantly under high stress they could potentially release that stress on their child. For example, they could shake their infant extremely hard out of a lack of self-control outbursts. Frisks says most cases of child abuse fall under this category and that it is difficult to image a testing situation that could duplicate that(349). The risks that are relevant cannot be tested for and the risks that are not relevant can be tested for on a parental licensing test. Frisks claims Loftinesss proposal wouldnt work on the grounds that he is confusing competence, testing drivers to see if they are fit to drive, with good Judgment, a quality that is indirectly in our present licensing procedures (351). Frisks says Lifestyles argument fails theoretically because he proposed sensing based on predictions of future abusive behavior from parents and that argument cannot hold in Frisks eyes. For example, what do we do if one parent passes the test and the other does not and should the licensing tests be repeated at different times? These questions and concerns about Loftinesss proposition are highlighted in Frisks response stating why licensing is not beneficial. The four risks provided by Frisks state the flaws in Loftinesss proposal for parental licensing. I agree with Lafayette on his position to enact parental licensing on the same reasons e presents. Though I find some of his arguments stronger than others especially the argument that if you are against parental licensing on the basis that it is not theoretically desirable or that there is no reliable procedure to implement this program, you also must deny the need to license any potentially harmful activity. I believe that the state regulates activities that are harmful to others and parenting should be one of those regulated activities since it is potentially harmful to children. Regulating drivers and surgeons protects the greater good therefore I agree with Lafayette saying administering a parental licensing test will protect the greater good by eliminating the bad parents in society. I would not want to live in a society where there were no regulation laws and anyone could drive a car or anyone off the street could perform surgery. Though I do understand that there will be unintentional mistakes with accepting this program and that would affect innocent individuals. However, there will always be mistakes in any licensing program, for example, the state could grant a license to a pharmacist who luckily passed the licensing test and hen could administer the wrong drugs to many patients. On the other side the state could not grant a drivers license to a single mother who needs to drive to work simply because she accidentally made a wrong turn during the drivers test. Although these mistakes do not add up to the importance of implementing the licensing program in my opinion because the greater good will benefit. I also support Lifestyles adoption argument because whether the child is yours biologically or through adoption I believe they should be equal in their testing for parental competence because the love for the child is equal in both cases. I feel Loftinesss strongest argument is his adoption argument and it is the argument I support the most as well. I believe since our screening on adoptive parents is so extensive and is non-existent for biological parents that the difference is concerning and needs to be equal. The parental licensing tests may also benefit society because if any adult takes the test they could qualified to raise a child. This in result protects a child from potentially being neglected or abused because the parents didnt realize they werent ready yet. In reply to my opinion there is a genetic objection that needs to be addressed. Lafayette supports a parental license test to determine the competence of an adult to be a good parent. Though if you support that claim you should support the idea of a genetic test to determine if the adult will pass on good genes to their child, therefore being a good parent genetically. Bad parents create the risk of harm, either mental or physical pain, on their children and parents can increase the likelihood of hurting your children by passing on genetic characteristics as well. Transmitting certain genetic traits, such as anxiety or depression, to your children can hurt them just as much as inflicting physical or mental on them. If you fail Loftinesss licensing test, you are deemed a bad parent, though with time you could change and retake the test and pass and be deemed a competent parent. However, you cannot test traits such as anxiety or depression on a written test therefore there would need to be a correlating genetic licensing test. Say an adult takes the genetic test and the results conclude that there is a fifty percent chance to pass genes of depression to your child, and then you are deemed inadequate to be a parent. In this case there is o ability to retake the test because your genes are permanent so if you fail the test you cannot be a biological parent. This genetic testing leads too slippery slope because if you are in favor of parental licensing for Loftinesss reasoning, how do you stop sterilization in the basis of genetic screening? Should the state then be able to mandate genetic screening? If you get advice from a doctor to not have a baby because a poor genetic trait could harm that child is different than the state forbidding you to reproduce. All human rights are also conditional, for example, the eight to religion is limited by the lack of a right to harm others and therefore the right to have kids is limited by not harming them. If we ban genetically bad people from reproducing in order to avoid harming children, we would loose diversity in the world, therefore leading to a snowball effect of negativity. Only the healthy and beneficial traits would thrive leaving us with a society of perfectly engineered people who all look the same and society would be defined by sterilization. Without uniqueness or differential genes in the world society will lack the necessary character it needs to thrive. Say you only can reproduce if you are athletic, intelligent and physically attractive because those traits that will benefit your child, then anyone else who doesnt have those traits will be eliminated since they cannot reproduce according to the genetic test. Therefore a genetic test in correlation to determine if you are a fit parent to raise a child is a destructive program for society. In response to the genetic objection, I believe that genetic licensing is not as bad as it seems and that if you dont make the claim to support genetic licensing that there will be something worse down the line to accept. Genetic licensing is not detrimental in my opinion because if you fail this genetic test you could still adopt a child because then you would not pass on your bad traits on to your child. If you want to raise a child there should be no difference in the love you give them if you adopt or biologically reproduce. Genetic testing is not as bad as it seems because say you have a disease such as downs syndrome and want to reproduce the odds of would not want to reproduce knowing I would pass my negative traits on to my biological child, therefore I would adopt so I could still raise a healthy child. Preventing and even eliminating these horrible diseases is something society can benefit from in my opinion. Sterilization may not be a bad thing since no one would have to suffer from cancer or be inflicted with continuous anxiety if these traits didnt exist in the world. I also agree with Lafayette on his adoption argument, therefore I support a written test and a genetic test for parental licensing for biological and adoptive parents. Genetic testing leads us to eugenics, even declaring who can reproduce and who cannot on the basis of their genes, and this slippery slope could potentially lead us to the issue of regulating adoption. It could say that since we dont want to test genetics in order to be a good parent then we cant have a written test and if we cant have a written test for biological parents we shouldnt test or screen for adoptive parents. Therefore I am more willing to embrace the argument for genetic testing because I support adoption regulation. According to Loftinesss principle harming children is wrong and a written licensing test to screen for parental competence can lower the odds of hurting children. I believe you cannot have a written test without screening with a genetic test because there are many active genes that can be harmful to children. I am not willing to accept letting anyone decide they want a child then go adopt one on the spot without any screening on their competence to raise the child. Either outcome is potentially harmful in my option but I am more willing to bite the bullet and accept the genetic testing bullet because not screening adoptive parents is even worse. I also support genetic testing on the grounds of Harriers yuck factor because with parental and genetic screening, genetic screening feels yucky or intrusive to us, though because something feels strange to us doesnt mean we shouldnt do it. Genetic testing is not as bad as it seems in my opinion. Lafayette and Frisks both raise convincing points in their arguments, however, I support Loftinesss claim on supporting parental licensing. There are millions of children in the world who suffer from parental violence or negligence and I believe there needs to be a test for adults to take before they can reproduce. It is contradictory to say that the state can regulate some activities that are harmful to others but not every activity that is harmful to others. Parental licensing is harmful to others so it should be regulated and congress should pass the law to enact it.

Belief, Doubt and Synthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Belief, Doubt and Synthesis - Essay Example Writing is one of the most significant professions in the US today. Based on this fact, numerous philosophies and principles apply in defining the ideal qualities and skills required of talented writers. These principles are subjective and mostly depend on the factors that determine the purpose of writing. In this regards, we have to acknowledge that not all writers possess the same qualities, as some of the American writers are better than others. Despite the fact that not all writers are equal in their skill sets, there should be a standard of differentiating smartest writers from poor ones. In this regard, I belief one should possess some of the fundamental qualities if he/she is to be considered as a professional writer (Starnino 42). The qualities of a writer fall into personal and technical skills. Possession of strong personal qualities entails the application of effective communication skills in presenting ones ideas and thoughts in written form. In America, every writer enjo ys freedom of speech and expression in his or her work. Writers are free to express their thoughts in whatever manner they wish, as long as their work falls within the scope of national rules and regulations. In this regard, writers face the predisposition of expressing their thoughts in an appropriate language as per the environment in subject. In trying to justify their thoughts and philosophies, writers can engage in persuasive, assertive or criticizing pieces of work (Lutovich and Fisher 67). One should integrate all these freedoms of thought and language in developing persuasive or even criticizing essays in order to accomplish writing goals. In this case, I belief a brilliant writer should be creative, vivid and imaginative. For example, a writer in a political arena speculating about the future of a nation’s politics should be imaginative and creative in persuading his followers and criticizing those opposing. Coherent development of political essays requires a writer to articulate the freedoms available with the communication skills in ensuring effective delivery of the intended message to the target audience (Lutovich and Fisher 72). In addition to personal skills, a talented writer should have a thorough understanding of the technical qualities of writing. I belief the first technical quality of expert writes is the ability to communicate fluently in written language. English writers must follow grammatical rules in every piece of their work. Efficient use of English will facilitate delivery of the message in an objective manner. Since the better part of writing entails collection of information from both the primary and secondary sources, a writer should also have strong research skills. He or she should carry out a research exercise from the problem definition stage to the results interpretation stage. Every writer should be conversant with the fundamental concepts of the topic of writing and should use relevant and appropriate vocabulary in expressing his or her ideas. Lastly, a talented writer should organize the essential parts of an essay in a logical pattern. Integration of these technical skills with the above mentioned communication qualities in an essay provide a criterion of defining a lovely piece of writing (Lutovich and Fisher 61). Human beings are in a continuous process or receiving new ideas and meeting new patterns of thoughts in their lives. When one meets a new idea,

Urban Transportation Problems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Urban Transportation Problems - Assignment Example g this, there are two policies that present problems: the first, that city governments mismanage curb parking, and second, that city governments required developers to provide free parking or extensive off-street parking (Klein, 2006). In truth, free parking is not free, since easily the required parking for a business establishment, such as a restaurant, may occupy a space three times that of the establishment itself. In the US, the subsidy to parking may easily reach $127 billion to $374 billion annually, not yet counting curb parking which is either free or underpriced (Shoup, 2005). Furthermore, it makes people feel that they are entitled to free parking as a right. Free parking and off-street parking, when carried to excess, tends to â€Å"increase traffic congestion and air pollution, distort urban form, degrade urban design, increase housing costs, limit homeownership, damage the urban economy, harm the central business district, and penalize poor families (Shoup, 2005:592). More importantly, it has an effect on the demand for public mass transportation facilities. Because parking becomes convenient, there is a general tendency for people to choose to travel in their own private cars, instead of taking public transportation, or even in lieu of cycling and walking (Shoup, 2005:2-3). It was found that in urban neighbourhoods that are required to provide parking spaces, residents were 28% more likely to travel by automobile than residents in areas where parking supply is optional and therefore less (Litman, January 2010). Since private cars would be able to carry travellers from their homes to within close proximity to their destination, the c onvenience afforded by free parking makes it the transportation medium of choice. Pursuant to Anthony Down’s triple convergence principle, there are three types of convergence: spatial convergence, when drivers tend to come together at peak hours to a principal thoroughfare; time convergence, when more cars elect to