Comparison between financial engineering and Islamic financial Essay

Examination between money related designing and Islamic budgetary building and is monetary designing help the banks and money related organization in the credit crunch - Essay Example El-Gamal has brought up that Islamic money related law has planned for upgrading human government assistance however exchange costs have been significantly decreased rendering contract-based statute indistinguishable (2007, p. 1). El-Gamal (2007) gives a premise to Islamic money related building focusing on an Islamic law consistent just as legitimate hazard agreeable monetary instruments. An expert on the Islamic money related framework is the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) situated in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Islamic Financial Services Board is a worldwide standard-setting association that looks to advance steadiness of the Islamic money related administrations industry by giving norms and core values (IFSB 2009, p. 1). The part national banks/nations of the IFSB incorporate Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Bahrain, Iran, the Islamic Development Bank, Pakistan, Qatar, Singapore, Sudan, and the United Arab Emirates. A key component of Islamic money related administrations relates to Shari-ah administration. Shockingly, as indicated by IFSB records (2009, p. 1), Shari-ah administration, in spite of being a frequently utilized word inside the Islamic money related help foundations (IFSI), has never been â€Å"properly† characterized. By the by, Shari-ah administration is regarded to have been acknowledged when a Shari-ah board accepts so (IFSB 2009, p.1). El-Gamal (2003, p. 4), in any case, relates the Shari-ah with the Islamic Law. Following El-Gamal, Shari-ah consistence is in this way consistence with Islamic Law as judgment of able specialists of the Shari-ah or the Islamic Laws. Walk and Worthington (2007, p. 27) explained, in any case, that the primary wellsprings of the Shari-ah law are the Qu’ran, Hadith, Sunna, Ijma, Qiyas and Ijtihad. As indicated by the most recent accessible IFSB (2009) report on the Shari-ah, the Shari-ah board is normally made out of researchers on the Shari-ah (on the other hand known as the Shari-ah Committee or the Shari-ah Supervisory Board) yet the training throughout the years is

Making a Choice in US News Media's Top Stories Essay

Settling on a Choice in US News Media's Top Stories - Essay Example Every news organize must present what the watchers like hearing in this manner, Fox presents a greater amount of Iraq accomplishment than CNN and MSNBC. This is on the grounds that a large number of the republicans don't care for stories that relate to the Iraq war. The US media is confronting faults for its absence of consistency and legitimacy. Consistent with notice, famous people are what the developing age likes to hear. There are issues that each resident ought to know about. It is the obligation of news media to present and utilize their time properly, as they present what is of pith to the residents. The book composed by Schechter Danny and Dadge David recounts to an account of a war that ought to have been introduced to the residents yet rather has been abetted by what the writers allude to as the ostensibly â€Å"free† media. Apparently the legislature has capacity to restrain what the US residents ought to here. Rather than considering the introduction of the news, it went to be a position of harassing of the agents of the news media to upset any basic revealing. Since the organization surely knew how the media works, it set up systems that upset any counter-account that developed with the point of testing the storyline introduced by the organization. This shows how residents are upset from accepting stories that would be valuable to them. As Schechter and Dadge composed their book, the Iraq war was still in progress and accepted that the inclusion leaves so much that residents can want. The creators wish for an open door through a battle to come clean as relate to the war. This book shows how news media are denied the chance to introduce reality to the residents. The writers, in presenting their book... The present news media alludes to all types of mass correspondence going from TV, papers, radio, magazines, and the web. It is through these structures that individuals access data and news. It is clear as times change that media assumes a greater job in the lives of individuals everywhere. As media plays out these jobs and innovation progressing so quick, there are various issues encompassing the productivity, respectability, and cutoff points of media. A comprehension of the issues will assist each country with regulating news media viably. This exposition centers around criticizm, that the present media faces for its wastefulness in tending to issues and inability to maintain uprightness, with each kind of media working vigorously to contend adequately in the market. With the lopsided circulation of innovative headway, news to resident changes with the news arrange. With more concern coordinated to what news media allude to as â€Å"hot stories†, residents in the US are den ied access to significant happenings that they ought to know about. In finish of this paper, the scientist utilized a couple of articles to demonstrate that it is essential for residents to settle on right decision of news media relying upon the news they might want to hear. This is on the grounds that every medium has its objective. News media must comprehend that US resident need to remain educated regarding neighborhood and outside news. In this manner, tending to top stories helps in keeping residents refreshed. Execution of these issues will see the media go far towards acknowledgment of its objectives.

A Supposedly Fun Thing That Ill Probably Do Again

A Supposedly Fun Thing That I’ll Probably Do Again My first Fourth of July in Boston was spent on an inflatable 61-inch-long mattress in the middle of the Charles River, drifting underneath the hulls of pearl-white private yachts and Coast Guard patrol ships as I slowly succumbed to a four-hour soak in liquid described by writer Bernard DeVoto as foul and noisome, polluted by offal and industrious wastes, scummy with oil, unlikely to be mistaken for water. Might I provide an illustration of my less-than-seaworthy vessel? Crafted from “heavy duty” vinyl, deluxed out with a cupholder and five disco-colored stripes underneath a transparent plastic top, this nautical party ship cost all of $10.99 at the neighborhood Walgreens. (Notice the torso-sized hole through which the model blithely dangles the sub-knee portion of her legs as she splashes in crystal-colored, chlorinated pool water with an eye-watering smile blazing across her sunny visage. I duct taped a garbage bag around the hole because I didnt want my legs to be amputated by radioactive flesh-eating eels in the Charles River.) Generally, life-enriching businesses such as floating downstream on the busiest river in Boston during the busiest hours of the busiest night all year begins busily with the best idea ever; this one began with The Best Idea Ever. Literally: http://www.projectbestideaever.com One anonymous participant, describing the etymology of Project Best Idea Ever: “So I said, Why pay for a yacht when we can just make a giant flotilla of inflatable rafts with a hot dog grill in the center raft? and [name I dont remember] said, Thats a great idea! Then [other name I dont remember] said, No its not, its the best idea ever! So the name stuck.” The basic tenets of Project Best Idea Ever are: 1.Get rubber inflatable rafts. 2.Make rafts safe by Coast Guard standards by attaching glowsticks. (No kidding.) 3.Launch rafts onto the Charles River around 6 pm on July 4th. 4.Paddle downstream until gathered under the Harvard Bridge. Fire up a barbecue grill on the leader raft, cook meat, pass meat around in buns that have been fingered by an uncounted number of people before reaching your raft. 5.Wait until sundown, paddle further downstream in near pitch-black darkness until accidentally crossing the Do-Not-Cross line, then frantically paddle back lest a mammoth, explosives-laden barge mow down your raft like a rubber ducky in a bathtub of cats. 6.Lie back, watch more than 20,000 pounds of explosives detonate from the closest distance allowed by law. Approximately 95 people this year heard about Project Best Idea Ever and thought, “This sounds foolproof.” The deadline to register for PBIE happens to be June 28th; I happened to be making my Independence day plans at 7:30 pm on July 3rd. Someone once told me in kindergarten that I could do anything if I tried, so I ignored logical reason as I walked to Walgreens and bought the most river-friendly floatation device on sale, which happened to cost $10.99 and contain a manhole-sized hole for leg-dangling. The following evening, I hauled seacraft and safety gear (i.e., glowsticks) to the launch location under the Boston University bridge, where I grouped with Rod (unpictured) and Alorah (pictured) from pika. A nearby group from Olin substituted a pirate-themed kiddie pool for the standard grey PBIE-provided rafts. Something tells me that the steering wheel wasnt functional. A word about safety: it appears that the official requirement for a raft on the Charles after sundown is two glowsticks, yellow in front and red in back. In consideration of the dubious legality of the inflated mattress (Does it count as a raft? If so, which side is the front?), I decided to be extra careful and attached four glowsticks instead of two. This unwittingly turned out to be an act of foresight, since one of the glowsticks promptly dropped into the river and another was unreachable given the weight-balance confines of the mattress dimensions (meaning that I couldnt break it without falling overboard into the waiting tentacles of a flesh-eating eel). In the interest of survival, I also carried along a backpack with a flashlight, a headlamp, extra batteries (all of which were the wrong voltage, I later discovered), leggings, a towel, a granola bar, and some hummus. Everything except the last two items were completely useless during the journey; the granola bar and hummus rescued me from suppering on a hot dog three steps removed from direct contact with the Charles*. *Charles River ‚Üí boat paddle ‚Üí peoples hands ‚Üí hot dog. At 7:00 pm: Mattress inflated- check Leg-hole covered- check Glowsticks duct-taped- check Life-jacket secured- check Paddles attached- hang on, what paddles? I had no paddles. Luckily, Rod had rope, so the 61-inch Royal Deluxe was florescently hitched to Rod and Alorahs raft. Whereupon I lingered in a borrowed jacket 8 sizes too long and gazed proudly into the plastic soul of my reborn, re-safetified* raft. *safetify: vb, to make safe. Ex: “After crashing his first car into a maple tree, John cautiously decided to safetify its successor by covering the windshield in a plastic inflatable mattress and two glowsticks.” Meanwhile, Team Pirate Kiddie Pool ecstatically high-fived each other upon verifying that air-filled kiddie pools float without crumpling and doing the Titanic. Go team. *Ironically, there was one point later in the night when all the boats were attached together flotilla-style and someone realized that none of the rafts were anchored. It turns out that the only boat with an anchor was the Pirate Pool, whose members thusly saved all 95 of us from floating aimlessly to our watery deaths or the Boston Science Museum, whichever one comes first. With anxiety and anticipation clogged in my throat like a soup of strong medicine and butterflies, I nudged my raft off the measly crust of shore serving as a dock. Breathlessly, I looked down: it floats! Like, on top of water and everything! And the mattress wasnt even dissolving yet! Suspending all fear of an unplanned burial at sea, I piled limb by limb onto the raft and drifted off into the mirrored sunset as lines from Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness crept into my internal dialogue with river and sky. Polluted as the water may have been, it carried a dim loveliness in the fading July sunlight, winking brightly into my unprotected eyes and coquettishly spilling onto my raft until I was hopelessly drenched. Slowly I slipped into a comfortable intimacy with the asymmetrically rolling waves, sloshing the mattress to and fro like a cradle rocked by a babysitter with coughing fits. Extra props to Rod and Alorah are by now overdue. While I was snapping pictures and desperately avoiding thoughts of whatever liquid was scarily seeping through my coat pockets, Rod and Alorah were cheerfully paddling downstream, dragging my raft along like a dog with no legs and a manhole-sized hole in its underbelly. The 45-boat flotilla regrouped under the Harvard Bridge around 8 pm, inspiring no shortage of intrigued glances and cell phone photography from bridge-bound spectators. Grilling coals ignited; as promised, chili and hot dogs and certain American beverages were circulated boat-to-boat. We camped there for a few hours, exhausting the possible modes of entertainment provided by a beach ball and 80+ paddles. Matt Ritter turned out to be the Pete Sampras of paddleball*, which would have made me proud except that every successful volley resulted in droplets of Charles River pinging against my forehead. *Played exactly as it sounds. Disappointingly, Im not an athletic person when confined to a 5 x 3 rectangle that flips over if I try to move too fast; like all good losers, I gave up and took a nap. When I awoke, the raft was again drifting, vaguely directionless in the half-dark. Every cell in my body from the kneecaps down was jellified in a wet, cold numbness. Ships loomed overhead, sometimes looming perilously-close-to-head, imposing as like nautical tanks but far more yuppie-ish. I could have scraped the side of this one with my earlobe. Around 10 pm, someone in our archipelago of grey rubber realized that we were too close to the barges that were about to set off the fireworks. Paddles scrambled to scoop us back to observation distance instead of gunpowder-blasting-into-your-eyes distance; successful, we roped the rafts together and waited like impatient kindergarteners during a PBS fundraiser telethon. Minutes inched by like glaciers. Breaths lingered in the chilled summer sky while I achieved inner peace with the ickiness in which I was physically, now spiritually immersed. At 10:35 pm, the sky cracked open like a ripe melon, dark and sweet with gunpowder. Jagged harpoons of light pierced behind my eyes; the nether ends of my ears gulped with explosion after explosion. Each pop of hot white sparks sizzled impossibly close to my face, close enough to spill into my skull and shake the neurons into a caffeinated state of overstimulation. With it came the joyous, childlike blankness of a successful lobotomy; waves and ship, moon and skyline were obliterated in 100 tons of explosives crunched into 21 minutes of innumerable heartbeats. (None of the pictures were taken with zoom.) Floating in a feathery, fiery lightness, riffed by gentle ripples of cold water, I silently vowed to bring a wetsuit next year.

Assignment Of Project Planning - 869 Words

Church Street Park Staff Lead: Jerry Allen/Mike Wright No update. Crabtree/Hatcher Creek Greenway Staff Lead: Mike Wright The section of greenway that runs adjacent to Morrisville Market has been paved and a railing has been installed on top of the retaining wall. This section of greenway is almost complete. The boardwalk that connects Misty Groves Cir. to the section of greenway behind Morrisville Square has been completed. The section of greenway that connects to the section behind Morrisville Square to Crabtree Crossing Parkway has been paved out and the concrete has been poured to complete the bridge. The contractor plans to pave behind Morrisville Square the week after Thanksgiving, weather permitting. This will wrap up this†¦show more content†¦See Updates/Items of Interest. Historic Christian Church Parking Lot Staff Lead: Todd Wright The initial site and construction plan review submittal occurred this month as planned. The project remains on schedule for a spring 2018 construction start date. Town Center/Library Staff Lead: Todd Wright Wake County and Little Architect presented a schematic design for the Library project at the November 14, Town Council meeting. Website Redesign Staff Lead: Stephanie Smith After a week of successful training, staff is making the first round of revisions to the new website. Council will have an opportunity to preview the website and will see a tour of the new site at the November 28 meeting. TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENTS/ROAD SIDEWALK PROJECT UPDATES Morrisville Carpenter Road: The 75% design plans remain with NCDOT for review. Morrisville Carpenter Road/Davis Drive Street Lights: Duke Energy has started work on the five streetlights on Morrisville Carpenter Road along the frontage of the Savannah Subdivision. Work is expected to be completed by the end of November. FY2018 PAVING PROJECT NO. 1: The work includes full depth reclamation (FDR) on Perimeter Park Drive (from Watkins Rd to Airport Blvd), FDR on McCrimmon Parkway (Perimeter Park Dr to Airport Blvd) and 2† mill and fill on McCrimmon Parkway (McCrimmon Extension to Perimeter Park Drive). The Town expects to receive the signed contract form the vendorShow MoreRelatedHrm 517 Week 6 Assignment 1 Planning Document896 Words   |  4 PagesHRM 517 WEEK 6 ASSIGNMENT 1 PLANNING DOCUMENT To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/hrm-517-week-6-assignment-1-planning-document/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM HRM 517 WEEK 6 ASSIGNMENT 1 PLANNING DOCUMENT HRM 517 Week 6 Assignment 1 - Planning Document You have recently been appointed head of human resources and are now in charge of managing a small team. 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T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prurock Analysis

T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prurock Analysis In T. S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, the author is establishing the danger the narrator is having dealing with getting older. Prufrock is the narrator in this poem, and believes that age is a burden and is totally troubled by it. He feels the prime of his life is over and he cant love women the way he used to. His worry with the passing of time characterizes his fear of aging. The poem deals with these fears. In this poem, Prufrock feels unsure about himself. He is frightened of what people will say when they see his balding head and aging body. He also believes that everyone will think he is old and worthless and they will talk about him behind his back.†¦show more content†¦This is the conclusion he reaches in order to decide to accept his place in society and live life the way he should. Eliot often uses the reference of time in order to show the state of mind of the narrator. The contrasts used show the total uncertainty of Prufrock. For the most part the examples are used to illustrate the stereotype of an old person. It is usual that aging people did not work and therefore had time to ponder about and other aspects of their existence. And Indeed there will be time To wonder, Do I dare? and, Do I Dare? His eternal dilemma is characterized by his belief that there will be time to consider everything. The time allusions are to show that Prufrock is getting increasingly older. He says I have measured out my life with coffee spoons.(51) This again shows his obsession with the passing of time. Feeling out of place, Prufrock realizes he cannot hang with the type of people he once did. He can relate to them but he feels they will not accept him because of his age and appearance. His life is lonely and boring while their state is fun and exciting. I know the voices dying with a dying fall/Beneath the music from a farther room.(52-53) He can hear the voices of his neighbors but he cannot go to them. He is worried about the idea of the younger generation checking him out. He

Analysis The Study of Perfect Competition and Monopoly Free Essays

In perfect competition, the market consists of a huge number of buyers and sellers and hence, a single buyer or seller, however large, can not influence the market price of a product by changing his own demand / supply of the product. All the firms produce and sell homogeneous products. The products are supposed to be identical in terms of quality, variety, color, design, packing, and other selling conditions whatsoever. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis: The Study of Perfect Competition and Monopoly or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are no barriers to entry or exit in the market. Firms have complete freedom to move in or move out of any industry without any obstacle. The factors of production can be moved in and out of the market easily and effortlessly. Goods, services and labor are perfectly mobile between firms and consumers. In a perfect competitive market, buyers and sellers are supposed to possess perfect knowledge about the prevailing market conditions. Firms do not have to incur any cost on transportation of goods from one part of the market to another. There are hardly any Govt. interventions in the business of the farms. Due to all these factors, in perfect competition, firms can only earn normal profits From the above mentioned characteristics, it is beyond any doubt that no such market can exist in the real world. The assumption of large number of sellers and product homogeneity imply that all individual firms in perfect competition are price takers, the demand curve being infinitely elastic which means that firms can sell any amount of product at the prevailing price. Product  homogeneity is totally an unrealistic concept. There are always certain barriers to entry and exit for the firms in any market. Factors of production can not be perfectly mobile between firms and transportation cost always exists in every market. ‘Perfect knowledge’ never exists among all buyers and sellers and there is hardly any market where the government is devoid of any power to control it. Direct and indirect taxes are common in every part of the world. Monopoly Monopoly, being the exact opposite of the perfectly competitive market, consists of only one seller of a product. The products are not homogeneous in nature and hence, there is no close substitute for them. Moreover, barriers of entry are high and the firms can either fix the price or control the supply of a product. A monopolist applies price discrimination (different prices are charged for the same product from different customers); thereby earning super-normal profits. Pure monopoly is also rare in today’s market structure. There are always some close substitutes for every product or service. Thus while the National Railways may be termed a monopoly, the Road Transport Corporation provides a close substitute for the services provided by the former. Even a few decades ago, in developing countries like India, the National Airlines and TV channel, Electricity Boards etc. But with the globalization liberalization act in 1992, a large number of private players from across the world entered the market and gained considerable market share. De Beers was considered as one of the most effective natural monopolist in the world holding slightly less than 90 percent of market share in the mid-1980s, but still it was not the single player in the diamond market. Thus, although there may be certain markets which closely resemble some conditions of perfect and monopoly competitions, but considering the definition and characteristics of both these two types of markets, it can easily be concluded that the existence of such markets in the present age, is only a fictitious concept. References Economics for Managers, ICFAI Center for Management Research (ICMR) Publications, chapter: 6 – 7                                                 How to cite Analysis: The Study of Perfect Competition and Monopoly, Essay examples

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Essay Sample free essay sample

Can you conceive of populating your life worrying excessively much or fright that bad things may go on to you if you do something? These are some of the things that people go through with obsessional compulsive upset ( OCD ) . Obsessional compulsive upset is an anxiousness upset that occurs when there is a job with the manner the encephalon trades with normal badgering and uncertainties and unwanted frequent ideas and actions. There are three different signifiers: OCD. Pure â€Å"O† . and â€Å"Responsibility OC† . There are besides five different types of obsessional compulsive upsets. The symptoms. hazard factors. causes. self-care. and intervention are the same for each signifier. Obsessional compulsive upset is worrying of the head. About 2. 5 % of the United States population has been diagnosed with obsessional compulsive upset ( Facts ) . About 1 million kids and teens have obsessional compulsive upset ( KidsHealth ) . This neurological upset can be really mild or can go so relentless that it interferes with mundane life ( Meyers 478 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"The compulsions or irresistible impulses can do anguish. are clip devouring. can interrupt societal activities. and can impact 1s relationship with others† ( Zohar ) . Majority of the twenty-four hours is consumed with this upset because they are unable to command the compulsions or irresistible impulses. Some sick persons are imprisoned by infinite rites. Patients with obsessional compulsive upset are non brainsick. given that this upset does non normally affect their complete personality ( Sebastian 19-20 ) . A typical patient knows that this behaviour is utmost and unreasonable but is unable to command the manner that they feel. Several patients claim that they have to respond to the irresistible impulses or they merely do non experience â€Å"right† ( Anxiety Disorders ) . There are five common types of obsessional compulsive upset ( Types of OCD ) . These types are based on the marks that most patients describe. The first type is washers and cleaners. These victims are afraid of taint. They fear going infected with a disease. Washers and cleaners tend to repeatedly rinse their manus. apparels. and points in their place. Checkers is another type of obsessional compulsive upset. These patients continuously check door locks. Windowss and other switches. They fear that failure to shut and lock doors or even turn contraptions off could do injury to themselves or others. Orderers are sick persons that need everything organized. They become really dying if points are non arranged decently. Another type of obsessional compulsive upset is hoarders. These people normally collect points in surplus. They save points that normal people would see as refuse. The last type of obsessional compulsive upset is obsessors. Obsessors normally have ideas of doing others har m. They deal with these compulsions by numbering or stating a specific word. These victims live with compulsions but normally do non hold irresistible impulse that they must execute. Different degrees of emotional agony can happen from obsessional compulsive upset. The three types that scientist are presently cognizant of are episodic. uninterrupted. or deteriorative ( Sebastian 45 ) . In episodic obsessional compulsive upset the reoccurrence of these events merely last for a particular limited sum of clip. The symptoms normally become portion of the patients’ life so they can try to work usually. Persons with uninterrupted obsessional compulsive upset are bothered with terrible episodes during nerve-racking periods. These episodes can harm 1s societal life but normally does non impact their occupation or place life. The last class for this upset is deteriorative obsessional compulsive upset. The symptoms of this type of upset are so grim that the victims spend their whole twenty-four hours executing rites. These people normally do non hold occupations or a societal life. Pure â€Å"O† involves the experience of unwanted. intrusive. and relentless ideas ( compulsions ) with no attach toing behavioural constituents or rites ( Phillipson ) . These compulsions are the recurrent. persistent and unwanted ideas that cause the individual much anxiety/distress in the signifier of ideas. images. or impulses that can non be controlled ( UOCD ) . Adults may recognize there’s something incorrect with their thought and may even recognize its obsessional compulsive upset ( Pure-O Manifestation ) . On the other manus. childs can non state what is trouble oneselfing them and the compulsions may be understood as childhood frights. Pure â€Å"O† may be undiagnosed for a long clip because there are no rites the individual does. it is based on their ideas if they will be harmed or non. â€Å"Responsibility OC† is the presence of guilt-whether accompanied by anxiousness or non ( Phillipson ) . This guilt comes from the rites they think can harm person or themselves if they fail. These people frequently debate within themselves whether it is their unconditioned concern for others-their â€Å"real† values-or the upset that is motivating them to move ( Phillipson ) . These are the irresistible impulses taking into affect. The irresistible impulse is â€Å"an resistless urge to move. regardless of the rationally of the motivation† ( â€Å"Compulsions† ) . These people are the 1s that worry about the injury of others as to their ego and feel that it is their duty to warn others if it is harmful. In the diagnosings of obsessional compulsive upset 1 must hold inordinate compulsions or irresistible impulse or sometimes both. Many compulsions that are associated with obsessional compulsive upset are fright of taint or soil. concern that something bad will go on. order and symmetricalness. aggressive urges. spiritual compulsions. and lucky/unlucky Numberss. These compulsions are nonvoluntary and irrational. but the urges can non be controlled. Compulsions are behaviours that tend to be insistent. These behaviours are meant to cut down the anxiousness caused by the compulsions. Obsessional compulsive upset creates consistent behaviours which include rinsing and cleaning. numeration. checking. reiterating actions invariably. and set uping points to look orderly. Left untreated this upset can take over a person’s life. The cause of obsessional compulsive upset is non wholly known. Some research workers think that this upset is caused by a alteration in the body’s natural chemical science. which could include gestation or the six hebdomad period after bringing. Others believe that obsessional compulsive upset comes from wonts learned over clip or 1s environment. while encephalon hurts may besides lend to obsessional compulsive upset ( Carey ) . Genetics or household history may besides be a hazard factor in the diagnosings. Strep pharynx is another suggestion from research workers. Some scientists think that an antibody against the bacterium in strep pharynx falsely acts as a encephalon enzyme and interrupts communicating between nerve cells in the encephalon. This break of communicating is believed to do obsessional compulsive upset. Last. many research workers now believe that obsessional compulsive upset is caused by a chemical upset of the encephalon. An unequal sum of the neurotransmitte r. 5-hydroxytryptamine. is thought to be responsible ( Mayo Clinic ) . Obsessional compulsive upset can do an addition in self-destruction. health/physical complications. and intoxicant maltreatment due to it being so corrupting and straitening on a person’s life ( Mayo Clinic ) . If one feels in any manner that they may hold marks of these symptoms. delight seek aid and acquire a diagnostic trial done. â€Å"For obsessional compulsive upset to be diagnosed. one must hold compulsions or irresistible impulses that are inordinate or unreasonable. and interfere with mundane life. Compulsions must incorporate recurrent and relentless ideas. ideas aren’t merely inordinate concerns about existent jobs in life. one effort to disregard or stamp down ideas. and one recognizes these ideas. images. and urges are a merchandise of your ain head. Compulsions must incorporate insistent behaviour or mental Acts of the Apostless that feel driven to execute and are meant to forestall or cut down hurt about unrealistic obsessions† ( Mayo Clinic ) . Pe oples with obsessional compulsive upset may neer hold a normal life. but there are self-care stairss one may take in order to get the better of the compulsions and irresistible impulses. One needs to remain with their intervention program. take medicines as directed. fall in a support group to portion experiences. enlist support of loved 1s who can offer encouragement. larn about the upset of the myths and worlds. avoid intoxicant and illicit drugs. and acquire involved in societal activities instead than insulating yourself ( Mayo Clinic ) . These stairss will assist one become to populate a normal life once more. Antidepressants are found to be an effectual intervention for obsessional compulsive upset. Selective 5-hydroxytryptamine re-uptake inhibitors are the most efficient with fewer side effects because merely one neurotransmitter system is being affected. This besides makes the medicines safer if an overdose may happen ( â€Å"Prozac† ) . Some selective 5-hydroxytryptamines reuptake inhibitors that are common today are fluoxetine or Prozac. paroxetine or Paxil. and Zoloft or Zoloft ( â€Å"Drug† ) . These drugs hinder the re-absorption of the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine within the encephalon. Cognitive behaviour therapy exposes patients to the specific behaviours of obsessional compulsive upset and so Teachs methods to avoid transporting out the rites. An stock list of all of the compulsions. irresistible impulses. or rites performed is necessary. Exposure and ritual bar is so used to diminis h the anxiousness associated with this upset. Cognitive behaviour therapy consumes a batch of clip because of the day-to-day finding needed. Twenty five per centum of patients refuse this therapy. Many patients are unwilling to pass the clip that this intervention requires. while others fear the utmost anxiousness degrees when exposed to the specific behaviours or are afraid that if they do non transport out the rites that something bad will go on. Generally. people with obsessional compulsive upset want to have the cognitive behaviour therapy. but they can non happen skilled behavior healer ( Greist ) . This therapy is found to be the most efficient. short-run and long-run. in handling obsessional compulsive upset. but a combination of the cognitive behavioural therapy and medicine are more successful. Obsessional compulsive upset can be damaging to a person’s life. Continuous rites become really debatable and clip consuming. These behaviours can go so strong that they disrupt societal. professional. and personal life styles. There are several thoughts of the cause of obsessional compulsive upset but research show s that this upset can be controlled through antidepressants and cognitive behaviour therapy. Treatment can forestall this upset from intensifying to a terrible instance.

Federalist Papers 10 and 51 essays

Federalist Papers 10 and 51 essays Madisons essay is filled with figurative and flowery language. In todays terms, a faction would be a special interest group. They are any group of citizen who attempt to advance their ideas or economic interests at the expense of other citizens, or in ways that conflict with the public good. To control a minority faction, there are two options. One option would be to remove whatever causes the faction to rise in the first place. However, this is unrealistic. Therefore, a second proposal was made. In it, Madison says to control factions you dont remove its causes, but control its effects. Factions will never cease to exist so the trick is to serve the public well through the even-handed regulation of such interests. Wise and efficient leaders can adjust such adversity and render them all subservient to the public good. Madisons system of checks and balances controls tyranny while still leaving a government that fulfills the needs of the people because not one branch of government is too powerful. Each has some sort of veto power and the people feel that they have a say through direct election of Senators and other voting privileges. In such a compound of the power surrendered by the people, a first division is made between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each, subdivided among distinct and separate departments. Hence a double security arises to the rights of the people. The different governments will control each other; at the same time that each will be controlled by itself. Also, society is guarded against the oppression of its rulers but also society is guarded against the injustice of the other part. In both Federalist essays, Madison argues the merits of a republic, even though personal liberty must be limited. In my opinion, our republic is moderately a democracy. Were not democratic to the extent where the people vote on every issue, but the people do ...

The Colossal Heads of the Olmec

The Colossal Heads of the Olmec The Olmec civilization, which thrived along Mexicos Gulf Coast from about 1200 to 400 B.C., was the first major Mesoamerican culture. The Olmec were extremely talented artists, and their most lasting artistic contribution is without a doubt the enormous sculpted heads they created. These sculptures have been found at a handful of archaeological sites, including La Venta and San Lorenzo. Originally thought to depict gods or ballplayers, most archaeologists now say they believe they are likenesses of long-dead Olmec rulers. The Olmec Civilization The Olmec culture developed cities defined as population centers with political and cultural significance and influence as early as 1200 B.C. They were talented traders and artists, and their influence is quite clearly seen in later cultures like the Aztec and the Maya. Their sphere of influence was along Mexicos Gulf Coast particularly in the present-day states of Veracruz and Tabasco and major Olmec cities included San Lorenzo, La Venta, and Tres Zapotes. By 400 B.C. or so their civilization had gone into steep decline and had all but disappeared. The Olmec Colossal Heads The Olmecs colossal sculpted heads show the head and face of a helmeted man with distinctly indigenous features. Several of the heads are taller than an average adult human male. The largest colossal head was discovered at La Cobata. It stands about 10 feet tall and weighs an estimated 40 tons. The heads are generally flattened at the back and not carved all the way around they are meant to be viewed from the front and sides. Some traces of plaster and pigments on one of the San Lorenzo heads indicate that they may have once been painted. Seventeen Olmec colossal heads have been found: 10 at San Lorenzo, four at La Venta, two at Tres Zapotes and one at La Cobata. Creating the Colossal Heads The creation of these heads was a significant undertaking. The basalt boulders and blocks used to carve the heads were located as much as 50 miles away. Archaeologists suggest a laborious process of slowly moving the stones, using a   combination of raw manpower, sledges and, when possible, rafts on rivers. This process was so difficult that there are several examples of pieces being carved from earlier works; two of the San Lorenzo heads were carved out of an earlier throne. Once the stones reached a workshop, they were carved using only crude tools such as stone hammers. The Olmec did not have metal tools, which makes the sculptures all the more remarkable. Once the heads were ready, they were moved into position, although it is possible that they were occasionally moved around to create scenes along with other Olmec sculptures. Meaning The exact meaning of the colossal heads has been lost to time, but over the years there have been several theories. Their sheer size and majesty immediately suggest that they represent gods, but this theory has been discounted because in general, Mesoamerican gods are depicted as more gruesome than humans, and the faces are obviously human. The helmet/headdress worn by each of the heads suggests ballplayers, but most archaeologists today say they think they represented rulers. Part of the evidence for this is the fact that each of the faces has a distinct look and personality, suggesting individuals of great power and importance. If the heads had any religious significance to the Olmec, it has been lost to time, although many modern researchers say they think that the ruling class might have claimed a link to their gods. Dating It is almost impossible to pinpoint the exact dates when the colossal heads were made. The San Lorenzo heads were almost certainly all completed before 900 B.C. because the city went into steep decline at that time. Others are even more difficult to date; the one at La Cobata might be unfinished, and the ones at Tres Zapotes were removed from their original locations before their historical context could be documented. Importance The Olmec left behind many stone carvings that include reliefs, thrones, and statues. There is also a handful of surviving wooden busts and some cave paintings in nearby mountains. Nevertheless, the most striking examples of Olmec art are the colossal heads. The Olmec colossal heads are important historically and culturally to modern Mexicans. The heads have taught researchers much about the culture of the ancient Olmec. Their greatest value today, however, is probably artistic. The sculptures are truly amazing and inspirational and a popular attraction at the museums where they are housed. Most of them are in regional museums close to where they were found, while two are in Mexico City. Their beauty is such that several replicas have been made and can be seen around the world.

Competitiveness Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Competitiveness Report - Essay Example Kanter (1995:71) on his work of "Mastering Change" argues that success in the present day business is not for those companies that re-engineer the way they do things, or for those fixing the past. According to Kanter (1995) such an action will not constitute an adequate response. This is so because success is based on an organization's ability to create, rather than predict the future by developing those products that will literally transform the way the world thinks and view it self and the needs (Kanter 1995:71). Through an environmental analysis will understand how a firm's competitive position is affected by different forces. More and more companies are engaging in corporate social responsibility reporting, which helps major stakeholders to better understand how the company interacts with its society. (Sacconi, 2004). This essay uses the PESTLE framework to analyse the impact of an out of town shopping centre to the general population, the transport system and the traditional shopping environment. There after, attention is shifted to a normal shopping environment where, using the SWOT matrix one service organisation (TESCO) is analysed. According to Johnson et al (2005), the PESTEL framework can only be used to look at the future impact of environmental factors and how this impact might be different from the past. Thus an understanding of how the factors in the above framework may drive change is only a starting point (Johnson et al 2005).There is also the need for an understanding of the key change drivers. 1.2 Political Factor Analysis with Respect to the Stockport Shopping Centre Politically, the Manchester out of town shopping centre has been used by politicians as a way to push out and solve the growing congestions within the Manchester city area. The creation of these shopping centers has thus reduced congestion to an extent. Alternative out of city routes are now put into effective use. Though, the political situation of the UK is a stable and unique one, it over dependence through the support of the United States egoistic policies under the pretext of democracy, the war on terror, the tit

Planning a Training Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Planning a Training Program - Essay Example Making crochet starts with learning about chain stitching. At the second phase, the trainees will be provided training about ‘how to stitch’. Chain stitching is a needlework stitching method in which a chain design is developed from twisted stitches. It is considered as a traditional craft method. Chain stitching does not necessitate needle badge and due to this reason, the stitch is considered as actual surface embroidery on complete fabric. In this phase, the trainers will learn about making curved line and numerous sewing patterns.   Two significant trainings will be provided in this stage, one is hand stitching and the other one is machine stitching technique. Hand stitching will be the fundamental training for developing crochet. After acquiring complete grasp of hand stitching, the trainees will know about how to do machine stitching as an advanced stitching technique. It is considered as a faster as well as more secured stitching method. Third Stage: Single Croc hetIn the third stage, the learners will be provided training about how to make single crochet. Single crochet is one of the most vital phases for learning crochet because without it no one will be able to prepare the double crochet properly and the whole training will become a chaos. The single crochet training will instruct the following aspects:†¢Ã‚  Method of implanting the crochet hook†¢Ã‚  Method of yarningAfter completely understanding the process of single crochet, the trainees will be provided teaching about conducting the dual crochet.... several types of hooks, yarns, and threads Recognizing the uses of other significant components such as scissors, safety pins, stitch markers, buttons, and zippers among others Measuring the length and the breadth of crochet that needs to be developed Selecting appropriate needles for crochet and, Calculating number of stitches in crochet Second Stage: Chain Stitching Making crochet starts with learning about chain stitching. At the second phase, the trainees will be provided training about ‘how to stitch’. Chain stitching is a needlework stitching method in which a chain design is developed from twisted stitches. It is considered as a traditional craft method. Chain stitching does not necessitate needle badge and due to this reason, the stitch is considered as actual surface embroidery on complete fabric. In this phase, the trainers will learn about making curved line and numerous sewing patterns. Two significant trainings will be provided in this stage, one is hand sti tching and the other one is machine stitching technique. Hand stitching will be the fundamental training for developing crochet. After acquiring complete grasp of hand stitching, the trainees will know about how to do machine stitching as an advanced stitching technique. It is considered as a faster as well as more secured stitching method. Third Stage: Single Crochet In the third stage, the learners will be provided training about how to make single crochet. Single crochet is one of the most vital phases for learning crochet because without it no one will be able to prepare the double crochet properly and the whole training will become a chaos. The single crochet training will instruct the following aspects: Method of implanting the crochet hook Method of yarning Drawing up the circle Conducting

Ethical Challenges In International Marketing Marketing Essay

Ethical Challenges In International Marketing Marketing Essay Abstract: Ogilvy and the Mather is one of the largest providers of marketing services in the world. It aims at delivery the platform for creating the right brand identity and accelerating the business with effective and excellent marketing communications to its multinational clients. This paper includes the Four P i.e. are Product, Price, Promotions and Price and the strategies adopted by the company in its operations and delivering of services. The product, price, promotion and distribution strategies help in the achievement of quality and standardized services as compared to its customers. The communication strategy includes the way and the various schemes a company attempts to adopt to communicate about its products and services. In the later part, the ethical challenge faced by the companys in marketing new product in a different country is discussed. Marketing ethics are rules and the regulations with the principles to be followed in the international marketing. The cultural and the legal issues to be considered in marketing new product in another country are discussed. The cultural and the legal issues must be considered so that the legal regulations and the cultural differences are not humiliated in introduction of new product in another country. Name of the company- Ogilvy Mather Line of Business- Advertising, marketing communication and public relations Countries where the company operates- United States of America, Australia Brazil and Singapore. Ogilvy and Mather is one of the leading advertising and marketing communications firm in the world. Ogilvy and Mather offers an Extensive range of marketing services and has established a collection of partner groups which includes line network Ogilvyone, Ogilvy Public Relations and others. They provide services to fortunes 500 companies which includes coke, American Express, Ford, Lenovo, Yahoo, Cisco, Johnson and Johnson, Kraft and Nestle. Products The Ogilvy and Mather is one of the largest marketing service provider in the world. The services offered by Ogilvy and Mather are as follows- Interactive strategy It offers services such as agency insights, interactive strategy consulting, and digital brand planning, business modelling. Online Advertising Social media and marketing Digital media and search marketing Digital CRM Data Analysis and Measurement Emerging Platforms Brand experience Product strategy- Ogilvy and Mather offer wide range of services to its customers. The product strategy used by Ogilvy and Mather is the creative excellence which established a value and standard of its services in the market. The strategy used for its services is to capture the area of marketing and communications by provided value added services with uniqueness to its clients. It promises to provide multidisciplinary services with the combination of creativity with effectiveness. It adopts the BIG IDEA;L policy where it believed that L will changes everything which means higher purposes , rallies support and provides a platform to all sort of ideas and crates demand ultimately. (2) Price The pricing strategy of Ogilvy and Mather is supposed to be high with best in quality and creativity. The skimming strategy is followed by Ogilvy and Mather in some few of its services where it the best player in the industry its pricing strategy , for example interactive marketing .This means they tend to change more to create a difference of their products and committing for delivery highest in quality with diversity. The competitors of Ogilvy and Mather are Ameredia, Saatchi and Saatchi, Arnold worldwide, BBDO. The price charged by Ogilvy and Mather is less than Ameredia and Arnold who are best players in the world .The pricing strategy are based on industry positions and the long term strategy. (3) Promotions- The services of Ogilvy and Mather are well renowned and most value in the area of marketing communications. Ogilvy and Mather initiated the concept of Evangelism which means finding the passion and the emotions of a brand , and inspiring the customers and the employers with the same. The promotional strategy adopted by Ogilvy and Mather is working in conjunction with the marketing campaign which they believe can get the product and the services into the customers notice and can new repeat customers. Ogilvy and Mather agency works for brand leveraging of its multinational clients by the combination of local know-how along with the worldwide network, making powerful campaigns that address local market needs and reinforcing the same for the universal brand identity. The brand building capability of the agency is the carried out by 360 Degree brand Stewardship which provides a holistic look at the communication and by using which is important from all the discipline to form a brand identity. The communication strategy adopted by Ogilvy and Mather is to create attention and getting the message which will make a promise consistent and reliable to the brands image and the identity. (4) Place- The agency has its marketing and communication network worldwide. The distribution strategy adopted by the company is based on the needs and the requirements in both the local and international terms. The target market of Ogilvy and Mather is to capture the companies which have global presence. It targeted on marketing accountability providing its customers right and effective services to accelerate in their brand and business. The targeted market of Ogilvy and Mather is to capture the marketing communication of the companies and provide public relation services to its clients. The distribution strategy pursued by Ogilvy and Mather is the creation and the platform that will drive the distribution strategy of the content. They work with the media to provide brand leverage and accelerating the brand identity of its clients. The distribution strategy includes the clients from IT sector to the Banking sector. It has the clients in various categories and industries. By delivering the quality and creative marketing and advertising solutions it helps the companies to maintain and create a brand identity in the global as well local markets. The two ethical challenges many companies face in the areas of ethics  when marketing a  product in another country- Marketing Ethics are collections rules, principles and the moral values to be followed in the operation and the regulations of marketing activities. In the marketing of new products in another country, the companies face many challenges due to the cultural, social, and political differences in different countries. The following are the two ethical challenges faced by the companies in introducing new product in another country in the area of ethics Price- Price is the most important factor to be considered in marketing a new product in another country. In the marketing of new products, the product would be unknown to the country and the marketer has to create a new place for its product in a foreign country with the help of advertisement and different promotional activities. The ethical issue faced in the introduction of new product in another country is the price dumping. To attract customers and create a market for the product, low price is charged. It charges a price less than the production cost or the price charged in the home country. Market competition- Another ethical issue faced by the marketing department in introducing new product in the foreign market is the market competition. Due to the cultural challenges the new companys face ethical issues in marketing their products in the international market. The market is already captured the market players and the new company will face the challenges of acceptance and the competition prevailing in the foreign market. The competition in regards to taste and preferences and customers are used to few particular brands, and are not willing to shift their choice to a new product will poise a barrier to the entry of the new product. A legal and a cultural  issue that  must be considered when marketing a product in another country- The legal issue to be considered in marketing a product in another country is the regulation of advertisements. Different countries induce different legal rules and regulation in advertising of products which must be considered in introducing new product in another country. Some products are banned from advertisements on certain media, for example, in France, large supermarket chains are allowed to be advertised T.V. In some European countries, it is illegal to discriminate price between customers and it is illegal to offer products on sale outside very narrow seasonal and percentage range. Therefore, the legal rules and regulations should be considered in advertising and selecting the media of promoting the new product in the foreign market. The cultural issues is based on the cultural psychology of the people in a country differs from another. One of the cultural issues is vales and the attitudes of the people differ in different countries. The cultural values and the attitudes of the people must be considered in the introduction of new product in a foreign country. This also requires the national and local languages must be taken into consideration in marketing new products in the foreign country. In a country spoken language carries a great emphasis of the communication; hidden cultural meaning of the words must be needs to be considered.

Amendments is the Government protections for the imperiled/endangered species Essay

The significance of these three Amendments is the Government protections for the imperiled/endangered species. These aerial, terrestrial, and aquatic creations were (and up to now) being inadequately taking cared of and are slowly forgotten their existence. And, if people knew that they’re now endangered, these species are put to these people’s cages and brought home for them to keep. However, getting them from their habitats where they used to live and multiply more is not that good idea. People can’t make them as pets, ornaments/displays, or even as food for consumption. They play major rule in this world, they need to survive for humans to survive also. So, these nature-friendly laws were passed to Congress and implemented to the concern citizens. †¢The Endangered Species Act of 1973 or ESA was designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a â€Å"consequence of economic growth and development untendered by adequate concern and conservation. â€Å" The stated purpose on this Act is to protect species and also â€Å"the ecosystems upon which they depend. † It encompasses plants and invertebrates as well as vertebrates. This is administered by two federal agencies, the FWS and the NOAA (which includes the National Marine Fisheries Service NMFS). NOAA handles marine species, and the FWS has responsibility over freshwater fish and all other species. Species that occur in both habitats (e. g. sea turtles and Atlantic sturgeon) are jointly managed. Though ESA only protects species which are officially listed as â€Å"threatened† or â€Å"endangered†. A species can be listed in two ways. The first is for the FWS or NOAA Fisheries to take the initiative and directly list the species. The second is via individual or organizational petition which prompts FWS or NMFS to conduct a scientific review. There are two categories on the list, endangered and threatened. Endangered species are closer to extinction than threatened species. A third status is that of â€Å"candidate species†. And by March 2008, after more than seven years of the Bush Administration, 59 additional domestic species had been placed on the endangered list, an annual rate of less than nine per year. Section 11 of the Endangered Species Act describes the violations and penalties that may be enforced under law. The United States Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, or the Secretary of the Department in which the Coast Guard is operating are the bodies of the federal government responsible for enforcing the provisions of this Act. The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service play the predominant role in law enforcement of the Endangered Species Act. In connection to this, there are different degrees of violation with the law being imposed. The most punishable offense is enforced upon those who knowingly break the law through acts of importing or exporting, taking, possessing, selling, delivering, carrying, transporting, or shipping—essentially trafficking endangered species without permission from the Secretary. Any act of knowingly â€Å"taking† (which includes harming, wounding, or killing) an endangered species is also subject to the same penalty. Recovery plans benefit species as indicated by the fact that the longer species have recovery plans, the more likely they are to be classified as improving. The benefit, however, appears to be limited to single-species oriented plans; large multi-species, ecosystem-based plans are not correlated with improving status; perhaps due to their lack of specificity. And, as habitat loss is the primary threat to most imperiled species, the original ESA of 1973 allowed the FWS and NOAA Fisheries to designate specific areas as protected â€Å"critical habitat† zones. In 1978, Congress amended the ESA to require designation for all threatened and endangered species except those which might be harmed by the publication of such maps. Congress indicated that the exception should rarely be invoked. Also, most provisions of the ESA revolve around preventing extinction. Critical habitat is one of the few that focuses on recovery. Species with critical habitat are twice as likely to be recovering as species without critical habitat. In 1982, Congress amended the ESA to enhance the permitting provisions of the act, (Section 10) and intended, in part, to provide landowners with incentives to participate in endangered species conservation. Pursuant to these provisions, by preparing a â€Å"Habitat Conservation Plan† (HCP) that meets statutory criteria, private landowners can obtain â€Å"incidental take permits† that allows otherwise prohibited impacts to endangered, threatened and other species covered in the permitting documents. On April 3, 2007, 41 species have been delisted; sixteen due to recovery, nine due to extinction (seven of which were extinct prior to being listed), nine due to changes in taxonomic classification, five due to discovery of new populations, one due to an error in the listing rule, and one due to an amendment to the Endangered Species Act specifically requiring the species delisting. [7] Twenty-three others have been down listed from â€Å"endangered† to â€Å"threatened† status. Some have argued that the recovery of DDT-threatened species such as the bald eagle, brown pelican and peregrine falcon should be attributed to the 1973 congressional ban on DDT rather than the Endangered Species Act, however, the listing of these species as endangered was a substantial cause of congress instituting the ban and many non-DDT oriented actions were taken on their behalf under the Endangered Species Act (i. e. captive breeding, habitat protection, and protection from disturbance). (Nixon.  R (1972). â€Å"Special Message to the Congress Outlining the 1972 Environmental Program† 51. Juliet Eilperin, â€Å"Since ’01, Guarding Species Is Harder: Endangered Listings Drop Under Bush†, Washington Post, March 23, 2008). †¢1973 also saw the creation of the Convention International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This is an International agreement restricting international commerce in plant and animal species believed to be actually or potentially harmed by trade. The U. S.  CITES list includes all species protected by the ESA in addition to species which are vulnerable but not yet threatened or endangered. While it is widely understood that habitat decline is the primary cause of endangerment for most species, trade in species, or parts of species, is a major cause of decline for some groups of animals and plants. This has included spotted cats for their furs, rhinoceros for horn, elephants and walrus for ivory and, more so in rec ent times, parrots and exotic reptiles for the pet trade, corals and fish for the aquarium trade, and sharks for their fins. Medicinal and ornamental plants are also exploited worldwide, as is tropical timber. Annual trade in wild species worldwide is now estimated to include several hundred million individual animals and plants, and it is a multi-billion dollar industry. Thus the need for CITES is ever more apparent. It also has the distinction, among international conservation agreements, of having the most legal strength behind it, and there is an abundant literature in the fields of law, conservation, international relations and economics about its global impact. To date, well over 30,000 species receive some protection under this landmark agreement, and more are being added on a regular basis. As both a conservation and trade convention, it has more obligations and more detailed enforcement mechanisms than is typical of conservation agreements. When it came into force, the original Parties were most concerned with a rather small subset of species that are or were used in the fashion industry (e. g. , wild cats for fur, crocodilians for leather) or as ornaments (e. g. elephant ivory, wild cattle as trophy heads). Since that time, thousands of species, and in some cases entire taxonomic groups of species, have been added to the Convention simply because many people in both developed and developing countries have attained higher standards of living and are able to afford things that most could not 30 years ago. (CITES: Lead Author: Joel Heinen (other articles): Article Topics: Ecology, International environmental issues, Environmental law and Conservation biology. Heinen, Joel (Lead Author); Richard Reibstein (Topic Editor). 2007. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). † ) †¢ The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) of 1972 was reauthorized by the Marine Mammal Protection Act Amendments of 1994 (Public Law 103-238) as signed by President Clinton on April 30, 1994. The agency is responsible for implementing the Marine Mammal Protection Act — through fiscal year 1999. This encompasses the most significant amendments that involved establishing a new regime to govern the taking of marine mammals’ incidental to commercial fishing, replacing the Interim Exemption in place since 1988. Three new sections were added to the Act to address commercial fishing: the preparation of stock assessments for all marine mammal stocks in waters under U. S. jurisdiction; development and implementation of take reduction plans for stocks that may be reduced or are being maintained below their optimum sustainable population levels due to interactions with commercial fisheries; and studies of pinniped-fishery interactions. Maintaining the original aspirations of the Marine Mammal Protection Act, the Amendments continue to protect marine mammals, seeking to maintain stocks at, or recover stocks to, and their optimum sustainable population levels. To achieve that goal, protection of essential habitats including rookeries, mating grounds and areas of similar significance is emphasized by including specific â€Å"habitat† language in the bill. Other major changes include a mechanism for authorizing importation of polar bear parts (other than internal organs) from Canada (provided the required findings are made); revised permit provisions for public display and scientific research; establishment of permits for purposes of photography; procedures for authorizing the intentional lethal taking of individually identifiable pinnipeds which are having a significant negative effect on salmonid fishery stocks; eliminated jurisdiction over the care and maintenance of captive marine mammals held for purposes of public display at registered or licensed facilities; and authority for providing grants to Alaska Native organizations for the purpose of developing co-management structures for marine mammal stocks taken for subsistence purposes. Enclosed to this, the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation (National Ocean Policy Study) held hearings on general MMPA issues on July 14 and 28, 1993, prior to the introduction of S. 1636 on November 8, 1993. The Senate Commerce Committee reported S. 1636 with amendments on January 25, 1994. On March 9, 1994, the House Merchant Marine Subcommittee marked up H. R. 2760, including amendments providing for polar bear trophies to be imported from Canada and establishing a process whereby Federal permission might be granted to intentionally kill individually identifiable pinnipeds having a significant negative effect on certain salmonid fishery stocks, without first having to determine that the marine mammal stock was within its optimum sustainable population range. Reduction Teams will be established to develop plans to reduce the incidental mortality and serious injury of marine mammals that interact with category I or II fisheries. The short-term goal of the plans is to reduce mortality and serious injury of marine mammals incidental to commercial fishing operations to levels below the affected stock’s PBR. The long-term goal of the plans is to reduce the rates of incidental mortality and serious injury of marine mammals to insignificant levels approaching a zero rate. In addition, to be authorized to take marine mammals, each commercial fishing vessel participating in a fishery with frequent or occasional interaction with marine mammals (category I and II fisheries) must be registered with NMFS. The 1994 Amendments encourage these agencies to take further measures to protect marine mammal rookeries, mating grounds, and areas of similar ecological significance. To expand knowledge and comprehension of the impacts of habitat destruction on marine mammal species and stocks, Regional Scientific Review Groups, in consultation with the Marine Mammal Commission (MMC), are to be established to advise the NMFS and FWS on actual, expected, or potential impacts of habitat destruction on marine mammal stocks. If habitat destruction is harming a stock defined as strategic, the Regional Scientific Review Group must recommend appropriate conservation or management measures to alleviate the impact. On the Pacific coast, NMFS is to undertake scientific investigations to assess the effects of California sea lions and Pacific harbor seals on endangered and threatened salmonid stocks. In the Gulf of Maine, a pinniped task force is to be established to advise NMFS concerning marine mammal interactions with aquaculture operations. The 1994 Amendments also allow the Secretary of Commerce to authorize the intentional killing of individually identifiable, non-depleted pinnipeds which can be shown to be having a significant negative effect on the decline or recovery of certain salmonid fish stocks listed as endangered or threatened under the ESA, approaching such status, or that migrate through Ballard Locks at Seattle, WA. Intentional killing can only be authorized after: a Pinniped-Fishery Interaction Task Force has been established by the Secretary to review the situation, consider previous control efforts, and take public comment; and the Task Force has recommended to the Secretary whether to approve or deny the proposed kill along with suggestions for nonlethal alternatives and a recommended course of action. For the first time, it is directed to develop and implement research plans to assess the health and stability of ecosystems of which marine mammals are a part. Specific activities include: a regional workshop for the Gulf of Maine to assess human-caused factors affecting ecosystem health and stability; development of a research plan to monitor the health and stability of the Bering Sea ecosystem; and assessment of the impact California sea lions and Pacific harbor seals have on salmonids and ecosystem stability in the coastal ecosystems of Washington, Oregon, and California. Both NMFS and the FWS now have the explicit authority to enter into cooperative agreements with Alaska Native organizations to conserve marine mammals and to provide co-management of subsistence use of Alaska marine mammal stocks by Alaska Natives. Agreements may include grants to Alaska Native organizations for: collecting and analyzing data on marine mammal populations, monitoring the harvest of marine mammals for subsistence use, participating in marine mammal research, and developing marine mammal co-management structures with Federal and State agencies. They are to promulgate regulations authorizing bona fide scientific research involving only Level B harassments without a formal permit. Persons must submit specified information to NMFS or FWS at least 60 days prior to beginning research. Also, expedited scientific research permits will be allowed when delay could cause injury to a marine mammal or loss of unique research opportunities. To add more, new permit procedures are to explicitly provide for educational and commercial photography of marine mammals. And on the 1994 Amendments establish a new mechanisms for authorizing polar bear trophies (other than internal organs) to be imported from Canada, provided the required findings are made. Subsequently, such imports will not be allowed if there is any indication, found in a study begun two years after the enactment, that the issuance of import permits by the United States is having a significant adverse effect on Canadian polar bear stocks. (http://www. Eoearth. org/The marine Mammal Protection Act).

Verbs to Use in Your Research Paper

When you conduct a research project, one part of your job is to assert your own original thesis with an effective argument. There are a few ways to enhance your research paper so it sounds more impressive. One method to sound convincing as an authority is to elevate your vocabulary by using great verbs. Remember, verbs are action words. The verbs you select for your writing should represent a specific action. This means you should avoid generic verbs like the following to keep your writing interesting and sharp. Dont bore your teacher or audience to tears! Stale and boring verbs to avoid: See  Is/wasLookedDidGo/wentSaidTurned Be the Authority No matter what your grade level, you must do your best to come across as an authority on your topic.  Think about the noticeable difference in these statements: I saw more mold on one piece of bread.I observed a distinct difference between the two pieces of bread. Most importantly, one piece of bread displayed a greater density of mold. The second statement sounds more mature, because we replaced saw with observed and had with displayed. In fact, the verb observe is more accurate. When carrying out a scientific experiment, after all, you use more than mere eyesight to scrutinize your results. You may smell, hear, or feel some results, and those are all part of observing. Now consider these statements when writing a history essay: Historian Robert Dulvany says there were three main causes for the war.Historian Robert Dulvany asserted that three events prompted the war. The second phrase just sounds more authoritative and direct. The verbs make all the difference! Also, make sure to use active rather than passive structure with your verbs. Active verbs make your writing clearer and engaging. Review these statements: The war on terror was launched by the United States.The United States launched the war on terror.   The subject-verb construction is a more active and powerful statement. How to Sound Like an Authority Each discipline (like history, science  or literature) has a distinct tone with certain verbs that appear frequently. As you read over your sources, observe the tone and language.   While reviewing the first draft of your research paper, conduct an inventory of your verbs. Are they tired and weak or strong and effective? This list of verbs may provide suggestions to make your research paper sound more authoritative. affirm ascertain assert cite claim clarify communicate concur contribute convey debate defend define detail determine develop differ discover discuss dispute dissect document elaborate emphasize employ engage enhance establish estimate evaluate examine explore express find focus highlight hold hypothesize identify illuminate illustrate imply incorporate infer inquire invest investigate involve judge justify limn observe ponder predict proclaim proffer promote provide question realize recap reconcile refer reflect regard relate relay remark report resolve respond reveal review sanction seek show simplify speculate submit support surmise survey tangle test theorize total transpose underestimate underline underscore understand undertake undervalue usurp validate value verify vex wander

Bail vs Bale How to Choose the Right Word

Bail and bale are homophones: the words sound the same but have different meanings. Definitions of Bail and Bale The noun bail refers to money used to arrange the temporary release of a person awaiting a court trial. As a verb, bail means to set free an accused person through payment of bail, or to help out an individual or organization thats having financial problems. The verb bail also means to scoop water out of a boat or to run away from a difficult situation. The noun bale refers to a large bundle, usually one that has been tightly wrapped and bound. As a verb, bale means to  press (something) together and wrap it into a tight bundle. Examples of Usage Old Jake walked five miles to the courthouse to post bail for his grandson.The mystery writer Dashiell Hammett refused to turn over to the Justice Department a list of the people who had  put up bail  for [Gus] Hall—and went to jail himself. (Victor Navasky, My Hunt for Moscow Gold. The New York Times, October 21, 2000)Against the opposition of most Americans, the president  decided to bail out his friends on Wall Street.The pilot asked the crew members whether they wanted to bail out or ride the plane down into the cornfield.Haley lifted a bale of hay and placed it in the corner with the others. Idiom Alerts Bail (Someone) out: The expression to bail (somebody) out means to rescue a person  from a difficult situation. I had no money to pay the bills much less for shopping. . . . Eventually my parents would have to be told, but I couldnt face my mothers knowing scorn, and I wasnt about to let my father bail me out and potentially go down the drain with me. (Linda Francis Lee, The Devil in the Junior League. St. Martins Press, 2006) Bail on (Someone): The expression to bail on (someone or something) means to break off a relationship or  abandon a person or thing. Robert can barely read or write, one of many reasons he bailed on school like his daddy  bailed on him. (Patrick Jones,  Chasing Tail Lights. Walker and Company, 2007) Practice Questions Throughout the storm, the fishermen _____ frantically, cast out hooks, give their lines a jerk, and haul in more fish from the sea.The judge decided that the mans _____ was excessive and reduced it by half.One _____ of straw will cover an average of 900 square feet.The detective could have stayed with the department once hed recovered from his gunshot wounds, but he chose to _____. Answers to Practice Exercises Throughout the storm, the fishermen bail frantically, cast out hooks, give their lines a jerk, and haul in more fish from the sea.The judge decided that the mans  bail was excessive and reduced it by half.One bale of straw will cover an average of 900 square feet.The detective could have stayed with the department once hed recovered from his gunshot wounds, but he chose to bail.